objective 3 (1)

Question 1

what are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

Protection of vital organs
* Mobility and movement
* Facilitate return of blood to the heart
* Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
* Reservoir for immature blood cells
* Reservoir for vital minerals

Question 2

what is the structure of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 2

• 206 bones in the body
• Joints
• Muscles

Question 3

• Attached to bones and other structures by tendons
• Encased in a fibrous tissue called fascia
• Contraction of muscle causes movement

Answer 3

muscles

Question 4

process of bone formation

Answer 4

osteogensis

Question 5

the process of formation of the bone matrix and deposition of minerals

Answer 5

ossification

Question 6

what are the regulating factors of bones?

Answer 6

• Stress and weight-bearing
• Vitamin Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
• Blood supply

Question 7

what are the age-related changes?

Answer 7

• Effects of musculo-skeletal changes range from mild discomfort and
  decreased ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) to severe,
  chronic pain and immobility.
• Decreased muscle cells; loss of elasticity in ligaments, cartilage; joint
  problems; decreased bone density
• Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis

Question 8

what do we include in the assessment?

Answer 8

data related to function ability
health history
assessment of pain and altered sensations
physical assessment

Question 9

Overall impression of the patient’s health status

Answer 9

health history

Question 10

determine bone density, texture, erosion and changes in
bone

Answer 10

x-ray studies

Question 11

performed with or without contrast, shows in
detail a specific plane of involved bone and reveal tumors or soft tissue
injuries

Answer 11

computed tomography

Question 12

uses magnetic fields, radiowaves, and
computers to show alterations of soft tissue with or without contrast

Answer 12

magnetic resonance imaging

Question 13

contrast or air is injected, then x-rayed to identify acute or
chronic tears of the joint capsule

Answer 13

arthrography

Question 14

used to estimate bone density, measures of the hip
and spine are accurate for estimating osteoporosis

Answer 14

bone densitometry

Question 15

detects primary and metastatic tumors, radioisotope is
injected and scan is performed 2-3 hours later

Answer 15

bone scan

Question 16

direct visualization of a joint under general anesthesia

Answer 16

arthroscopy

Question 17

obtains synovial fluid for examination or
relief of pain

Answer 17

arthrocentesis

Question 18

provides information about the electrical potential of
the muscles and the nerves supplying them

Answer 18

electromyography

Question 19

performed to determine structure and composition of bone
marrow, bone, muscle or synovium

Answer 19

biopsy

Question 20

what are the lab studies?

Answer 20

mineral metabolism
serological studies
muscle enzymes

Question 21

A rigid, external immobilizing device
*immobilize a reduced fracture
*Correct a deformity
*Apply uniform pressure to soft tissues
*Provide support to stabilize a joint
Materials - nonplaster (fibreglass), plaster

Answer 21

casts

Question 22

what do we do for cast care?

Answer 22

• support cast during drying – handle with palms of hands, support
  on a firm surface
• Leave cast uncovered and exposed to air
• NEVER use a hairdryer to dry cast- may use fan
• Assess circulation q 4 hours

Question 23

• Used for conditions in which rigid immobilization is not
  required, when swelling may be anticipated or special
  skin care required
• Immobilizes and supports the body, well padded

Answer 23

splints

Question 24

• Used to provide support, control movement, and
  prevent additional injury
• Custom fitted (plastic, cloth, leather, metal)

Answer 24

braces

Question 25

* Vascular insufficiency and nerve compression due to unrelieved swelling * Increased tissue pressure within a limited space * Cast must be cut to relieve pressure * Elevate affected area, no higher than heart level

Answer 25

compartment syndrome

Question 26

* Pressure from a cast or inappropriately applied brace lower extremities most susceptible * Pain and tightness in the area * Drainage, odor may be present

Answer 26

pressure ulcers`

Question 27

* Muscle atrophy, loss of strength * Tense muscles to prevent

Answer 27

disuse syndrome

Question 28

Pins, plates, rods, screws

Answer 28

internal fixation

Question 29

* Use to manage open fractures with soft tissue damage * Metal pins are inserted into the bone and attached to external rods

Answer 29

external fixator

Question 30

* Application of a pulling force to part of the body * Minimizes/reduces pain and muscle spasms * Immobilizes a joint or part of the body * Reduces fractures * Treat a pathological joint condition (tumour or infection)

Answer 30

traction

Question 31

what are the principles of traction?

Answer 31

* Must be continuous, never interrupted * Weights not removed * Patient must be in good body alignment * Ropes unobstructed, weight hang freely

Question 32

applied to the skin, pulling force in a straight line with the body part resting on the bed (Buck’s)

Answer 32

skin traction

Question 33

directly to the bone

Answer 33

skeletal traction

Question 34

applied with the hands

Answer 34

manual traction

Question 35

Nurse must know weight bearing status and correct technique if using an assistive device

Answer 35

ambulation

Question 36

NWB

Answer 36

non weight bearing

Question 37

TTWB

Answer 37

toe touch weight bearing

Question 38

WBAT

Answer 38

weight bearing as tolerated

Question 39

* Cane, crutches, transfer belt * Type depends on stability needed and safety

Answer 39

assistive devices

Question 40

fracture of the proximal third of the femur

Answer 40

fractured hip

Question 41

Used to treat severe joint pain & disability and for repair & management of joint #’s or joint necrosis Frequently replaced joints include hip, knee, & fingers Joints including shoulder, elbow, wrist, & ankle may also be replaced

Answer 41

joint replacement

Question 42

Infection of the bone, marrow and surrounding tissue that results in inflammation, necrosis, and formation of new bone

Answer 42

osteomyelitis

Question 43

bone surgery, open fracture or traumatic injury

Answer 43

direct entry

Question 44

ascular insufficiency (diabetes, PVD) commonly pelvis and vertebrae

Answer 44

indirect entry

Question 45

* soft tissue injury produced by blunt force * Hematoma develops * Pain, swelling and discoloration of area

Answer 45

contusion

Question 46

Caused by excessive stretching of a muscle or tendon

Answer 46

strain

Question 47

mild stretching, minor edema, tenderness, mild muscle spasm, no noticeable loss of function

Answer 47

first-degree strain

Question 48

partial tearing of the muscle or tendon, loss of load-bearing strength, edema, tenderness, spasm and ecchymosis

Answer 48

second-degree strain

Question 49

rupture and tearing of involved tissue, pain, spasm, ecchymosis, edema, and loss of function

Answer 49

third-degree strain