Obs And Gynae Flashcards
What needs to be done before pelvic exam in patient with antepartum haemorrhage
Exclude placenta Previa
What are contractions like in placental abrupt ion
Continuous (due to blood irritation)
Can differenTiate between this and Previa
Difference between lower and upper uterus.
Relation to placenta Previa
Upper has more muscle - prevent too much bleeding from placenta
Previa - lower - increased bleeding
What is TORCH in pregnancy
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and HIV, but it can also include other newborn infections.
Where do cervical cancers occur and why
Transformation zone
Cells are pluripotent and can form columnar / squamous epithelium
What is looked at on a cytology report of smear test
The nucleus : cytoplasm ratio
Big nucleus due to cells dividing quicker (not having time for cytoplasm to increase)
Why does acetic acid turn areas of high nuclei white
‘Chemical cooking ‘ of protein (DNA) - like egg white cooking
Stages of smear dyskaryosis
Normal Low grade dyskaryosis High grade Glandular dyskaryosis ?malignant cells
Why can’t a smear test diagnose malignancy and only ? It ?
How can you confirm diagnosis
Malignant must invade basement membrane / mucosa
Need a biopsy to confirm
Sugar imbalance after giving steroids
Hyperglycaemia (even more if diabetic)
Hypo vs hyper glycemic - which is worse for baby/ mother
Hyper kills baby
Hypo kills mother
Why are steroids given in premature labour
Help mature lungs (surfactant ) therefore preventing respiratory distress syndrome
How does a long labour increase risk of pph
Thinning of uterine muscle (which usually contracts to prevent blood loss)
What should be measured in prolonged labour and why does it change? And where from ?
Ph as may be using anaerobic metabolism -> acidotic
Babies scalp
Why can’t you give oxytocin if there is no ROM
Can lead to amniotic embolism -> lungs -> death
What triosmies are screened for ? Chromosomes affected?
Downs 21
Edwards 18
Pataus 13