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1
Q

Pattern of weakness in posterior circulation stroke

A

Waxing / waining

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2
Q

How to determine if an inguinal hernia is direct or indirect

A

Indirect Is lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

Direct is medial

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3
Q

Where does the external iliac artery turn into the femoral artery

A

At inguinal ligament

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4
Q

Location of femoral vs inguinal hernia

A

Inguinal - superior and medial to inguinal ligament

Femoral - inferior and lateral to inguinal ligament

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5
Q

Which inguinal hernia is reducible

A

Indirect

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6
Q

What is an important differential diagnosis of femoral hernia ?
Treatment ?

A

Femoral aneurysm

Surgery as likely to strangulate

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7
Q

Key findings of horners syndrome

A

Partial ptosis (droopy eyelid )
Miosis (small pupil
Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)

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8
Q

Cause of horners syndrome

A

Sympathetic lesion to t1

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9
Q

Difference in Cerebellar lesion - central vs lobes

A

Central - trunk

Lobes - ipsilateral

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10
Q

How does a brain haematoma decrease serum sodium serum levels

A

Haematoma -> ^ACTH -> ADH -> decrease Na

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11
Q

Causes of malar flush

A

Hypothyroid

Mitral Regurge

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12
Q

Basic pathology of addisons

A

Autoimmune destruction of adrenals

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13
Q

Some symptoms of adrenal insufficiency

A

Hyper pigmentation
Hypotension
Reduced cortisol

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14
Q

Cause of cushings

A

Excess cortisol

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15
Q

Signs / symptoms of cushings

A

Central obesity, moon face, striae
Osteoporosis
Easy bruising

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16
Q

Causes of cushings

A

Pituitary excess ACTH
Adrenal hyperplasia / tumour
Iatrogenic

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17
Q

Common cause of midline hernia in obese middle age

A

Divarication of the recti

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18
Q

Causes of confusion

A

Tia, infection, thyroid, electrolyte disturbance, neoplastic in brain, dementia, dehydration, constipation, calcium ….

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19
Q

Screening tools for identifying which patients with upper GI bleed need medical intervention

Study These Flashcards
A

Glasgow-batchford

Rockall - only if prior endoscopy

20
Q

Egs of interventions in upper GI bleed

Study These Flashcards
A

Blood transfusion

OGD

21
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalaemia

Study These Flashcards
A

Malaise, palpitations, weakness

22
Q

Treatment for hyperkalaemia

Study These Flashcards
A

Calcium and lactulose (prevent constipation )

23
Q

What drugs must be stopped in hyperkalaemia

Study These Flashcards
A

Spronolactone

ACEi

24
Q

Two memory tests

Study These Flashcards
A 
Moca test (Montreal cognitive assessment) 
Addenbrookes cognitive examination.
25
What is apixaban ? When used? Mechanism
Blood thinner AF Blocks Xa
26
Why might you reduce antiepileptic medications in a patient who has recently had seizures
To evoke a seizure that can be filmed / observed
27
What is lamotrigine used to treat
Anticonvulsant for epilepsy, bipolar and depression
28
The working dose of lamotrigine is 100mg why do you start on 25mg and titrate up
Risk of Stephen Johnson
29
How do seizures as a baby increase risk of focal epilepsy later in life
Scarring
30
When might an increased WCC not be infection
Generalised tonic clinic seizure causes spike
31
Signs and symptoms of acoustic neuroma
Hearing loss, tinnitus, balance, facial weakness / paralysis, headache
32
Neurofibromatosis type 2 main manifestation
Non malignant tumours of CNVIII (acoustic neuromas)
33
Why does an upper GI bleed increase urea
Urea is breakdown product of blood -> reabsorbed
34
Good way to illicit absence seizure
Hyperventilate
35
Seizure where arms beating at 3hz slowly moving up is called? Due to?
Myoclonic absence epilepsy. | Swapping between myoclonic -> tonic -> Myo -> ton .....with simultaneous absence
36
What are automatisms ? What are these a sign of?
Fumbling clothes, swallowing, chewing during seizure . | Temporal lobe epilepsy
37
Neuro excitatory (+receptor) / inhibitory transmitters
Ex - glutamate / aspartate (NMDA / nonNMDA receptor) | In - GABA /
38
Why can you get jerking with syncope
Cerebral hypo perfusion
39
Rinne pneumonic SNAC RIP
Sensory neural loss and Normal ears, Air Conduction is better and Rinnes is Positive
40
Tia treatment
Antiplatelets - clopidogrel, aspirin, dipyridamole
41
What is the benign cause of highlights in ventricles on a head CT
Calcification of the choroid plexus
42
Which hormone affecting the kidneys is produced in the lungs
ACE
43
What drug can be used to reverse warfarin
Beriplex
44
Issues with rapid increase of Na
Demyelination (of pons?)
45
Side effect of vigabitram
Visual field defect
46
Usual cause of visual hallucinations
Organic cause

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