observational techniques

Question 1

Naturalistic observation

Answer 1

watching and recording behaviour in the setting within which it would normally occur

Question 2

Controlled observation

Answer 2

watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment ie one where some variables are managed

Question 3

Covert observation

Answer 3

participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent

Question 4

Overt observation

Answer 4

participant behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge and consent

Question 5

Participant observation

Answer 5

the researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour they are watching and recording

Question 6

Non participant observation

Answer 6

the researcher remains outside of the group whose behaviour they are watching and recording

Question 7

strengths of observations

Answer 7

Captures what people actually do - even if it’s unexpected behaviour
Special insight to behaviour

Question 8

limitations of observation

Answer 8

Observer bias
Interpretation may be affected by expectations
Reduced by using more than one observer

Question 9

strengths of naturalistic observations

Answer 9

High external validity as findings can be generalised to everyday life

Question 10

limitations of naturalistic observation

Answer 10

Lack of control makes replication difficult
Uncontrolled confounding/extraneous variables make it difficult to judge pattern of behaviour

Question 11

strengths of controlled conditions

Answer 11

confounding/extraneous variables less of a factor so replication is easier

Question 12

limitations of controlled observations

Answer 12

Can’t always be applied to everyday life