Observational techniques Flashcards
What is a naturalistic observation?
takes place where the target behaviour would normally occur, a familiar setting
Strengths of naturalistic observations
High ecological validity and external validity
Weaknesses of naturalistic observations
lack of control over investigation makes it hard to replicate
What are controlled observations?
observations that take place in an environment where the extraneous variables are controlled
Strengths of controlled observations
confounding/extraneous variables are less of a problem
Weaknesses of controlled observations
Low ecological validity
What are covert observations?
participants are not told/aware that they’re being watched/researched
Strengths of covert observations
removed issue of demand characteristics so behaviour is more natural- increased internal validity
Weaknesses of covert observations
Often not ethical because there is no informed consent, if not carried out in a public place it goes against ethical guidelines
What are overt observations
ps know their behaviour is being observed and have given their informed consent beforehand
Strengths of overt observations
Ethical because informed consent can be gained and the right to withdraw can be given
Weaknesses of overt observations
Participants know they are being watched so validity can be descreased, demand characteristics may be an issue
What are participant observations
the observer becomes part of the group, first-hand account
What are non-participant observations
researcher remains separate and records behaviour in an objective matter
Strengths of participant observations
researcher gets more insight, therefore higher external validity
