obstructive urologic disorders Flashcards
(26 cards)
level of obstructions
renal pelvis –> caused by renal calculi(stones)
ureter –> renal calculi, pregnancy, tumors
bladder and urethra –> bladder cancer, neurogenic bladder, prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, urethral strictures
complications of obstructions
stasis of urine - can cause infection to develop
back up pressure where urine is being created but blocked - causes hydroureter, hydronephrosis, post renal acute kidney injury (kidneys not working due to blockage below them)
what is nephrolithiasis
kidney stones (renal calculi) - crystals that form in urine –> crystals clump together to form stone
where can kidney stones be located
from the pelvis to bladder
where are kidney stones excreted
urethra
risk factors of nephrolithiasis
men, 20-30yrs, white, family history, congenital defect, obesity, hot weather (times most depleted from fluids)
nephrolithiasis patho
urine is a solution of solvent (water) and solute (particles)
super saturation with solute causes the stones –> crystals begin to form in nephron
-increased with dehydration and sedentary lifestyle
clinical manifestations of nephrolithiasis
renal colic (wave like pain that comes when ureter is trying to move along stone), flank pain –> groin pain, spasms, n/v, increased HR, increased RR, UTI pain
patho of a UTI
ascending infection
contaminated perineum –> urethra –> bladder –> ureter –> kidney (why it can lead to kidney infection)
risk factors of UTI
immobility, incontinence, decreased cognition, bad hygiene
what is pyelonephritis
kidney infection (upper UTI)
major risk factor of upper UTI
pregnancy
patho of pyelonephritis
ascending bacteria
inflammatory response –> kidney tissue damage
clinical manifestations of upper UTI
fever, chills, flank pain, lower UTI symptoms (dysuria), anorexia, n/v
complications of upper UTI
urosepsis
risk factors for upper UTI
elderly, diabetics, immunosuppressed –> causes high mortality
how to treat UTI
ciprofloxacin
MOA: inhibits bacterial reproduction - works locally
kidney cancer risk factors
smoking, obesity, increased age, male, genetics
clinical manifestations of kidney cancer
no early CM
late: tenderness, hematuria, palpable abdominal mass f
what is urothelial cancer
bladder cancer
risk factors of bladder cancer
smoking, male, exposure to toxins, low fluid
clinical manifestations of bladder cancer
early: hematuria
late: frequency, urgency, dysuria
what is the drug for early stage bladder cancer
intravesical therapy BCG vaccine
MOA of intravesical therapy
stimulates a local inflammatory response in bladder
