Oceanic Cultures (Aug 23)

Question 1

Wild Pacific Video “Anuta”

Answer 1

1. When water to choppy Anita men float on top of water and fish by using octopus tentacles as bait and hand pulling them up on lines and killing them by biting their heads
2. 300 people so small everyone works together to live/survive
3. Almost whole island for cultivation of taro and breadfruit
4. Isolation shaped island because too far away to trade with other islands
5. Always lived completely within their resources
6. Without boats they would not be able to fish or survive
7. Weaved bad and visors and roofs made of palm
8. Wood boats
9. Plastic line and tarps for sails
10. Metal fish hooks and coconut scrapers
11. Wack water during low tide pools to draw out small fish and put face in puddle and bite heads

Question 2

Types of fishing (food)

Answer 2

1. Fishing by hand with hook and line
2. Spears
3. Nets
4. Collecting mollusks from reef

Question 3

Fishing by hand with hook and line

Answer 3

1. Shell hooks and coconut bark string originally
2. Use sea urchin shell or coral to break off or grind it down into fish hook shape

Question 4

Nets (fishing)

Answer 4

Dip net

Question 5

Collecting mollusks from reef (fishing)

Answer 5

Barnacles, snails, etc to eat when there is no tools to fish

Question 6

Pearl shell (when fishing)…

Answer 6

Used to attract fish when fishing without bait because of shiny part that looks like food

Question 7

Water so clear you can see bottom when fishing so…

Answer 7

Weigh snail shell with hook on it and when dropped down can see when octopus grabs it so pull on line and hook octopus

Question 8

Food done by farming

Answer 8

1. Yam
2. Coconut
3. Breadfruit
4. Taro
5. Pigs
6. Citrus fruits, bananas, papayas

Question 9

Yam (farming)

Answer 9

1. Not orange one (which is from Africa) this one is white and from Asia
2. Can grow to size of person
3. Rely on for carbohydrates

Question 10

Coconut (farming)

Answer 10

1. Water, flesh, so can eat and drink from it
2. Shred it and squeeze and make coconut cream/milk

Question 11

Breadfruit (farming)

Answer 11

1. Kinda like jackfruit inside but starchier
2. Along with taro pounded into paste
   Into pudding and ferment for later

Question 12

Taro (farming)

Answer 12

1. Root you eat
2. Purple speckle

Question 13

Citrus fruits, bananas, papayas (farming)

Answer 13

1. Some introduced long ago and some a little bit later (papaya)
2. From South America and naturalized

Question 14

Cooking

Answer 14

1. Citrus juice (fish in lemon juice)
2. Earth oven roasting (smoke and cooking together)
3. Boil/braise/steam in pots
4. Grate or pound
5. Baked puddings (coconut)

Question 15

Clothing

Answer 15

1. Cloth made from bark
2. Palm frond weaving (painted)
3. Fiber skirts
4. Family patterns
5. Jewelry (made of shells and seeds; burned seeds and used as light in house when on stick/string)
6. Bag (finer and thinner material more special it is)

Question 16

Cloth made from bark (clothing)

Answer 16

1. Pound flat and press adhesive to put together and banana lead and charcoal made into stencil and pressed on it
2. Smoke to make yellow
3. Can be painted
4. Wrapped as baby and dead with bark cloth
   Come in and out of this world with it
5. Loin cloth

Question 17

Fiber skirts (clothing)

Answer 17

1. Fijian liku (fiber skirt) from 1875
2. Very short
3. Didn’t wear much else

Question 18

Tools (materials used)

Answer 18

Shell, Coral, Stone, Wood, Bone/Teeth

Question 19

Bone and Teeth as tools

Answer 19

1. Largest source of bone was whale
2. Also used human, dog, and pig bones
3. Teeth usually ornaments

Question 20

Different tools

Answer 20

1. Ornaments
2. Adzes w/ handles
3. Shell adze
4. Stone adze
5. Shell coconut grater
6. Stone food pounder
7. Tattoo needles
8. Wooden hair combs

Question 21

What is a (shell) adze?

Answer 21

1. Like an axe put on its side
2. Makes shallow hole and can hollow out log with it and gently shaves
3. Shell from giant clam

Question 22

Housing

Answer 22

1. Timber structure
2. Woven palm/mat walls
3. Mats on floor
4. Grass roofs
5. Some post/pillars to elevate floor

Question 23

Examples of Housing

Answer 23

1. Conical center-pole house with thatch roof
   Thatch from coconut palm
   Water slides down thatch’s
2. Oval house with open walls
3. Stone pillar set for house

Question 24

What limits life of houses is…

Answer 24

1. Roofs
2. Replace every 10 years and takes time
3. Storm can damage roof

Question 25

Transportation (Examples)

Answer 25

1. Outrigger canoes 2. Rafts (Bamboo) 3. Canoes (from Anuta video hundreds of years old because not a lot of resources to make it and done so well it lasts)

Question 26

Outrigger canoes

Answer 26

1. Outrigger: Two rails with pole connecting them on side of boat and it is for stability; reduces raft (skimming surface of water to make them go faster) 2. Some have platforms to haul things

Question 27

Occupations (general for all Pacific Islands) Men

Answer 27

1. Fishing (Foraging and making all equipment for it (boats, fishing lines, etc)) 2. Farming (Weeding and collecting and planting) 3. Working shell, wood, stone (Making tools)

Question 28

Occupations (General for all Pacific Islands) Women

Answer 28

1. Collecting mollusks, small reef fish 2. Child care 3. Cooking 4. Making bark cloth, mats, fiber bags, containers (household things) (Wealth for household from women craft because need it for marriage so have stockpile of things to give)

Question 29

Occupations (General for all Pacific Islands) Children

Answer 29

1. Helping Mom/Dad/Grandparents, gathering firewood 2. Respect and helping taught at young age

Question 30

Kinship and Authority (General for all Pacific Islands)

Answer 30

1. Dedication to family (Ohana) 2. Respect for elders 3. Decisions made by elder men or council of men (hierarchy by age) (As get older have more control, respect and influence) 4. Ranked societies (Eldest in chiefly families (males and females)) (Samoan Matai chiefly title holders) 5. Unranked societies (Most influential men)