Oceanography - Exam 2 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
A water molecule is made up of _____ hydrogen atom(s) and one oxygen atom.
A
2
2
Q
A polar molecule is one that ________.
A
has separated charge so one end is + charge and the other is - charged
3
Q
Water is a polar molecule because _______
A
the hydrogen atoms are at an angle of 105°
4
Q
Which end of the water molecule is negative?
A
the oxygen end
5
Q
Which end of the water molecule is positive?
A
the hydrogen end
6
Q
___ is caused by water molecules sticking to each other.
A
Cohesion
7
Q
____ is caused by water molecules sticking to other molecules.
A
Adnesion
8
Q
The hydrogen bonds in water absorb ___ the most
A
red light
9
Q
______ is the amount of thermal energy contained by a substance.
A
Internal energy
10
Q
______ is the amount of thermal energy added to or removed from a substance.
A
Heat
11
Q
_____ is a measure of the amount of thermal energy contained by a substance.
A
Temperature
12
Q
Water freezes at ____°F, ____°C, and ____ K.
A
32; 0; 273
13
Q
Water boils at ____°F, ____°C, and ____ K.
A
212; 100; 373
14
Q
Which has more internal energy, the water in a water heater or the water in a glass of ice tea?
A
The water in a water heater.
15
Q
How does the heat capacity of water compare to other common substances?
A
It is one of the highest.
16
Q
The process that changes water vapor to liquid water is ______.
A
condensation
17
Q
The process that changes water vapor to ice is ___.
A
deposition
18
Q
The process that changes ice to liquid water is ________.
A
melting
19
Q
The process that changes ice to water vapor is ______.
A
sublimation
20
Q
The process that changes liquid water to water vapor is _______.
A
evaporation
21
Q
The process that changes liquid water to ice is ____.
A
freezing
22
Q
Heat is _______ in the change from liquid water to ice.
A
Heat is removed
23
Q
Heat is ______ in the change from liquid water to water vapor.
A
Heat is added
24
Q
Areas far from water tend to have ____________________ than areas near water
A
larger temperature changes
25
A ______ is a liquid with one of more solid or gas dissolved in it.
solution
26
A ____ is more than one substance mixed together where each retains separate identities.
mixture
27
In a true solution the properties are ___ and in a mixture the properties are _______.
homogeneous; heterogeneous
28
Water dissolves salts such as NaCl by _________.
attaching themselves to the ions
29
The average surface salinity of the open oceans is ______.
35 ppt
30
Which of the following is NOT part of the principle of constant proportions?
A) Most of the constituents of seawater are “well mixed”.
B) So their relative concentrations vary widely.
C) Overall concentrations, salinity, may vary somewhat.
So their relative concentrations vary widely.
31
The _____ is how long a given constituent remains in the ocean
residence time
32
The _____ is the time it takes for currents to mix the water
mixing time
33
The principle of constant proportions is true because _________.
the mixing time is much shorter than the residence time of most of the minerals in seawater
34
_____ constituents change concentrations slowly or not at all.
Conservative
35
___ constituents change concentrations much more quickly.
Nonconservative
36
_____ constituents tend to have processes that add and/or remove them significantly.
Nonconservative
37
The amount of ___ dissolved in the water is relatively stable because, unlike the other gases listed, there are no processes that add or remove significant amounts of it from the water.
nitrogen
38
Seawater is ________.
very alkaline (basic)
39
```
Which of the following is least dense?
A) ice at 0° C
B) liquid water at 0° C
C) liquid water at 4° C
D) liquid water at 100° C
```
D) liquid water at 100° C
40
```
Which of the following is least dense?
A) warm fresh water
B) cold fresh water
C) warm salty water
D) cold salty water
```
A) warm fresh water
41
The density of water _______ as temperature increases from 0°C to 30°C.
increases
42
The density of water _______ as salinity decreases from 30 ppt to 0 ppt.
decreases
43
The ocean is divided vertically into 3 regions; the region near the surface that is mixed by currents, waves, and tides is the ______.
surface mixed zone
44
The ocean is divided vertically into 3 regions; the region where temperature and salinity rapidly change
is the __________.
pycnocline (transition zone)
45
The ocean is divided vertically into 3 regions; the region in the deep ocean that is very cold (about 4°C
or 40°F) is the ______.
deep zone
46
True or False: Water masses tend to stratify, stay separate, because mixing is discouraged by the differences
True
47
Salinity tends to be higher in the tropical region than in temperate or polar regions because in the tropical region, unlike the others, there is _____.
more evaporation than precipitation
48
__is the bending of a wave due to changes in wave velocity.
Refraction
49
True or False: Refraction works for light and sound waves but not other types of waves.
False
50
Light in any material is absorbed and scattered. Absorption removes the light energy by ______ while scattering just ___.
converting it to heat; changes the direction of the light
51
The region near the surface where there is light in the water is the ______.
photic zone
52
The Sofar layer holds sound in it allowing the sound to travel long distances because ___.
as sound moves out of it upward or downward it is bent back toward it
53
_____ uses sound produced by the “lookers” to measure underwater distances.
Passive sonar
54
```
Of the following primary components of air which has the highest percentage in air?
A. Argon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide
```
B. Nitrogen
55
```
Of the following primary components of air which has that most effect on weather?
A. Argon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide
```
D. Carbon Dioxide
56
```
Of the following variable components of air which low concentration at surface from lightning and pollution and higher concentrations in the stratosphere?
A. Water Vapor
B. Ozone
C. Dust
D. Volcanic Ash
```
B. Ozone
57
___________ pollutants are emitted directly into air.
Primary
58
___________ pollutants form in the air from those pollutants emitted directly into air.
Secondary
59
Which of the layer of the atmosphere is nearest the surface?
troposphere
60
In which of the layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer, which has been depleted by human pollution, found?
stratosphere
61
In which of the layer of the atmosphere is there almost no air with high temperatures (1000ºC) but almost no heat?
thermosphere
62
The atmospheric layers are based on _______________.
changes in temperature
63
In the lowest atmospheric layer the temperature _________________.
decreases with altitude
64
Pressure ____________ as you go up in the atmosphere.
decreases
65
_____________ is a measure of actual amount of water in air (e.g. g of water/kg of air).
Specific humidity
66
_____________ is a ratio of air's actual water vapor content to its capacity to hold water vapor.
Relative humidity
67
_____________ is the temperature to which air must be cooled to reach saturation (100% relative humidity).
Dew point
68
As the temperature of air decreases while the specific humidity remains the same the relative humidity ________________ .
increases
69
As the specific humidity decreases while the temperature of air remains the same the relative humidity ________________ .
decreases
70
As air subsides it ______________.
decreases in relative humidity
71
```
The height of the Sun in the sky depends on:
A. Latitude
B. Time of Day
C. Time of year
D. All of these
```
D. All of these
72
The amount of radiation from the Sun that is scattered and reflected back into space is about _____%.
30
73
Seasons are due to _________.
the tilt of the Earth’s axis
74
The Sun, like other hotter objects, emits ______.
shorter wavelength radiation (infrared)
75
The Earth, like other cooler objects, emits ________.
longer wavelength radiation (visible light)
76
The only heat flow that occurs in a vacuum is ___________.
radiation
77
The heat flow that transfers molecular vibrations from molecule to molecule is ______.
conduction
78
The heat flow that carries heat as the material flows is ___________.
convection
79
Wind is a direct effect of ___________.
convection
80
The Coriolis force acts on moving objects due to ________.
the rotation of the Earth
81
The deflection of a moving object due to the Coriolis force does NOT ___________.
act strongest at the equator and weakest at the poles
82
The underlying cause of wind is unequal heating of the Earth's surface.
True
83
The circulation on a nonrotating Earth would be ___________.
a large convection cell in each of the northern and southern hemispheres
84
Rotation of the Earth breaks the nonrotating convection cells into three smaller convection cells with 2 low pressure regions and two high pressure region.
True
85
In a ______ breeze the air blows from the sea to the land because the land is ________ than the sea.
sea; warmer
86
In a ______ breeze the air blows from the land to the sea because the sea is ________ than the land.
land; warmer
87
A ___ air mass is cold and moist and drops a lot of precipitation out west.
maritime polar
88
A _____ air mass is warm and moist and causes much of precipitation in the east.
maritime tropical
89
A ________ air mass is cold and dry and causes the coldest weather in the US in the winter.
continental polar
90
A ____ air mass is warm and dry and makes the desert southwest US even drier.
continental tropical
91
A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with red semicircles.
warm
92
A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with blue triangles.
cold
93
A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with blue triangles and red semicircles on opposite sides.
stationary
94
A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with blue triangles and red semicircles on the same side.
occluded
95
A(n) _____________ is any weather pattern with circulation around a low-pressure zone.
cyclone
96
A ______________ is a very large low pressure area that often forms in the winter in the Gulf of Alaska (the northeastern Pacific Ocean) and moves west to east across the US.
mid-latitude cyclone
97
A ______________ is a low pressure area that is small, can be very intense, and last anywhere from minutes to a few hours.
tornado
98
Tropical cyclones go from tropical storms to hurricanes when their sustained winds reach _____ mph.
74
99
Generally most of the damage done by hurricanes as they come onshore is done by _______________.
storm surge
100
A _____ is not a type of cyclone.
thunderstorm
101
_____________ is the lessening of the ultraviolet protective layer in the stratosphere due to manmade pollution.
Ozone depletion
102
The natural increase in the Earth’s temperature due to the absorption of infrared radiation given off by the Earth is _____________________.
the greenhouse effect
103
The manmade increase in the Earth’s temperature due to more greenhouse gases in the air is ____________.
global warming
104
Surface currents are driven by __________.
winds
105
The Coriolis force causes winds and currents to _____________in the northern hemisphere.
turn right
106
The Coriolis force causes winds and currents to __________ in the southern hemisphere.
turn left
107
The winds found just north and south of the equator (between 0º and 30º latitude) that blow from the northeast north of the equator and from the southeast south of the equator and cause the transverse currents closest to the equator are called the _______________.
westerlies
108
Gyre currents travel ________________ in the southern hemisphere.
counterclockwise
109
The gyre currents that are driven by wind are the _____________
transverse currents
110
The water within the center of a gyre is not higher than it is because of _______.
gravity
111
Because of the rotation of the Earth the hill at the center of the gyre is moved _______.
to the west
112
What is the general term for the movement of water toward the surface?
upwelling
113
What is the general term for the movement of water away from the surface?
downwelling
114
Coastal upwelling along the California coast occurs when the wind is blowing _______.
westward
115
Coastal downwelling occurs when Ekman transport moves water __________.
onshore
116
What is the change in atmospheric conditions over the equatorial Pacific Ocean that leads to changes in the oceanic condition there called?
Southern Oscillation
117
What is the change in oceanic conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean caused by changes in the the atmospheric condition there called?
El Nino
118
What is the rapid return to normal oceanic conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean that leads to changes in the ocean condition there called?
La Nina
119
The atmospheric conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during a southern oscillation are ____________.
toward the center
120
The normal ocean conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are __________
upwelling in the east along the coast of South America
121
What is another name for deep ocean circulation?
Thermohaline Circulation
122
Deep ocean circulation is driven by _____.
density differences
123
The sinking water that drives deep ocean circulation generally occurs ________.
near the poles
124
The density differences that drive thermohaline circulation are caused by ____________.
both temperature and salinity differences
125
What is the method of studying current that actually measured the movement of the water?
flow method
126
The method of studying currents that uses the movement of low concentrations of chemical compounds is ________.
tracers method
127
Simple float method devices such as drift bottles only determine their release point and collection point; they give no information on the path they took.
true
128
CDCs and other manmade chemicals are generally used in the tracers method for measuring _______.
surface currents
129
The energy for tides comes from ________.
the rotation of the Earth
130
What causes the Moon to orbit the Earth?
gravity and inertia
131
The driving force of tides is ____________.
the gravity of the Moon and the Sun
132
The solar tides are ______ the lunar tides.
smaller than
133
When the Moon is lined up with the Earth and the Sun it is a ___________.
spring tide
134
The equilibrium theory of tides relates to tides ____________.
on an Earth with a constant depth ocean
135
The dynamic theory of tides relates to tides _____________.
on an Earth with continents and bathymetry
136
Diurnal tides have ____________.
one high tide and one low tide per day
137
Semidiurnal tides have __________.
two equal high tides and two equal low tides per day
138
Mixed tides have ____________.
one larger and one smaller high tide and one larger and one smaller low tide per day
139
In the northern hemisphere when tides enter a wide confined basin they tend to _________.
act like a wave moving counterclockwise around the basin
140
_______ the tides are often larger than ___________.
In confined basins; along straight coasts
141
The strongest tidal currents tend to form ___________
at inlets
142
When tides are high or low there is little current, this is ___________
slack water
143
Water rushing in to flood a bay is _________.
a flood current (flood tide)
144
Water rushing out to empty a bay is ___________.
an ebb current
145
Tides can be _______________.
predicted to within a few inches years in advance
146
Weather has no effect on tides.
false
147
Meteorological tides are _________.
due to onshore and offshore winds
148
Within a few years tidal energy will be providing most of the electricity used in the US.
False
