Offenders and offending 1&2

Question 1

What is the original schools of thought ?

Answer 1

-Law-breaking occurs when people, faced with a choice between behaving rightly and wrongly, choose to behave wrongly
-debate around free will and hedonism
-penalty as result of crime

Question 2

What determine crime

Answer 2

positivist school of criminology- bunches of sociological, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. The punishment fit the criminal instead of the crime

Question 3

What is the consequence of the positivist school of criminology?

Answer 3

changes in the penalty, e.g age

Question 4

How valid are theories of crime?

Answer 4

-validity of criminal theories varies greatly
-no one theory explains all forms of criminality
-many theories focus exclusively on violent crime
-many theories focus exclusively on men

Question 5

What is sociological theories?

Answer 5

-Crime results from social and cultural forces that are external to any specific individual, and exist prior to the criminal act.
-crime emerges from social class, political, ecological, or physical structures affecting large groups of people

Question 6

What is structural theories?

Answer 6

Dysfunctional social arrangements prevent people from achieving their goals in a legitimate way. (Maori offender))
-Poor education
-Unemployment
-Financial hardship
-Disorganised communities(

Question 7

What is subcultural theories

Answer 7

-Criminal behaviour occurs because different behavioural norms are held by different people(following the wrong crowd)
-groups pressure their members to deviate from the norms that underlie criminal law

Question 8

What is social psychological theories

Answer 8

Attempt to bridge between the environmentalism of sociological theories and the individualism of psychological and biological theories
-leaning theories, learnt to commit crime
-control theories, everyone would commit crime, unless people learn not to commit
-social labelling theory(internalize the negative feelings)

Question 9

What is psychological theories

Answer 9

crime results from personality attributes that are uniquely possessed, or possessed to a certain degree, by the potential criminal

Question 10

What is main argument by Freud

Answer 10

crime occurs when the ego can’t control the instinct(id)

Question 11

What is the dual model of psychopathy?

Answer 11

1. Neurologically unable to experience the level of fear or anxiety that normal people do
2. Inability to adequately control impulses to do inappropriate things

Question 12

What is the characteristics pf psychopathy?

Answer 12

Difficult to treat, and no motivation or desire to be rehabilitated

Question 13

What is the diagnosis of psychopathy?

Answer 13

the closest disorder is antisocial personality disorder

Question 14

What is biological theory?

Answer 14

-Genetic influences, neuropsychological abnormalities, and biochemical irregularities play a role in criminal behaviour
-These biological dispositions are translated into specific criminal behaviour through environments and social interactions

Question 15

What is twin and adoption studies?

Answer 15

identical twins is significantly higher than the concordance rate for fraternal twins, biology may have more influence than environmental

Question 16

What is MAOA gene?

Answer 16

just have the variant of the gene, not increase

Question 17

What get passed on genetically?

Answer 17

-Constitutional predisposition
-neuropsychological abnormalities
-autonomic nervous system differences
-physiological differences
-Personality and temperament differences

Question 18

What is a strange phenomenon?

Answer 18

Robins says adult antisocial behaviour virtually requires childhood antisocial behaviour, yet most antisocial youths don’t go on to become antisocial adults

Question 19

The two possible ways to explain peak

Answer 19

-Over the adolescence, a change in the number of people willing to offend (prevalence)
-A change in the number of crimes that people are commiting(incidence)

Question 20

What is Dunedin multidisciplinary study(Moffitt)?

Answer 20

there are distinct difference in the stability of antisocial behaviour, some of behaviours are temporary and situational, and there are other antisocial behaviour stable and persistent

Question 21

What is life course persistent ASB

Answer 21

Repeated criminal behavior across the lifespan and situations.
Heterotypic continuity= same underlying disposition can manifested in different ways across life span
(at age 10, stealing some thing)

Question 22

What puts a child at risk for LCP ASB?

Answer 22

-neuropsychological deficits that are present at birth
-maternal drug use, poor nutrition, exposure to toxic agents, delivery complications, heritability
-Not great temperament, verbal functioning, and/or executive functioning
-interactional continuity, children are born with these problems are often not born into supportive environments (temperament and personality, cognitive ability, home and neighbourhood environment)

Question 23

How does life course persistent ASB develop?

Answer 23

They tend to have unique interactions
-Evocative interaction- when our behaviour evokes distinct responses from others. (kid that we all not like)
-Reactive interaction- when we interpret our environment according to our behavioural style( hit the kid who brush aganist you)
-Proactive interaction-when we seek our environments that support our own style

Question 24

What are the consequences of these interactions?

Answer 24

-the snowball effects
-contemporary consequence(executive function will have the consequences in different areas)

Question 25

Why does it keep going for life course persistent ASB?

Answer 25

-Limited behavioural repertoire -Becoming ensnared by the consequences of ASB( e.g, teenage pregnancy)

Question 26

What is adolescence limited ASB?

Answer 26

-no notable history of antisocial behaviour during childhood, but later develops

Question 27

Why does it start for adolscence limited ASB?

Answer 27

-mimicking antisocial youth(social mimickry) -valuable resources=mature status -Adolescents limited teenagers notice that life course persistent ASB teenagers don't seem to suffer as much from the maturity gap(underage attempt to do adult stuff) Possessions Sexual experience Freedom from family Decision making Effect on society

Question 28

How is Adolescence limited ASB reinforced?

Answer 28

-You damaging quality of interactions with parents -Provoking responses from adults in authority -Looking older -Tempting false There are all statements of personal independence

Question 29

Why don't all teenagers become delinquent?

Answer 29

Maturity gap doesn't occur/is not perceived -Late puberty -Access to roles respected by adults Lack of exposure of LCP adolescent role models -Lack of physical access -Personal characteristics

Question 30

Why does it stop for Adolescence limited ASB?

Answer 30

1.Waning motivations 2. shifting contingencies(stuff that used to be rewarding, now becoming risk) 3. The presence of options for change(you have options to know how to do well)

Question 31

What are the two variations of ASB found by Moffitt?

Answer 31

-Life course persistence ASB -Adolescence Limited ASB