Offending

Question 1

What are the big four risk factors for offending from the central eight?
(HAAA)

Answer 1

1. History of offending
2. Antisocial attitudes
3. Antisocial associates
4. Antisocial personality

Question 2

What are the other four risk factors for offending from the central eight? (Forgetful Sally Loves Singing)

Answer 2

5. Family/marital circumstances
6. School/work
7. Leisure/recreation
8. Substance use

Question 3

Why is helping the offender to accept responsibility for what they’ve done not a target for treatment?

Answer 3

Accepting responsibility doesn’t lower risk
Shame associated with increased risk of reoffending

Question 4

What are intermediate beliefs?
Where do they come from?
Provide an example

Answer 4

Rules and assumptions that people have about themselves, others, and the world (more accessible to awareness and modification)
Derive from core beliefs
Example, offender with core belief “I’m in control” may have the intermediate belief “Things must be done my way”

Question 5

How can intermediate beliefs be identified? (3 ways)

Answer 5

1. May be spontaneously verbalised or apparent in NATs
2. Can be inferred from multiple behaviours or statements
3. Can be assessed with a psychometric tool

Question 6

What is antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 6

Pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of the rights of others beginning in before 15 years (must be 18 years old to receive diagnosis)

Question 7

What are 4 central characteristics of ASPD? (DIE Motherfucker)

Answer 7

Deceit
Exploitation
Impulsivity
Manipulation

Question 8

What is the PICTS psychometric tool?

Answer 8

Psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles
Assesses criminal thinking patterns (AKA intermediate beliefs)

Question 9

How may antisocial thinking patterns be different from those seen in depression and anxiety?

Answer 9

Tendency to minimise responsibility for negative outcomes and underestimate risk
(In contrast to harsh self-criticism and overestimating negative outcomes commonly seen in those with depression and anxiety)

Question 10

What are schemas and what do they influence?

Answer 10

Networks of core beliefs that can be likened to eyeglasses that colour our perceptions of the world.
Influence perception, motivation, affect, cognition, and behaviour throughout life.

Question 11

What are 3 typical negative core beliefs that underly mental health problems? (Help Unworthy Willies)

Answer 11

1. Helpless
2. Unloveable
3. Worthless

Question 12

Why are schemas difficult to modify? (LARG)

Answer 12

Learned early in life
Acquired from a credible source
Reinforced strongly
Global rather than specific to a situation

Question 13

What are the 3 broad clusters of antisocial intermediate beliefs? (Pussy infected penis)

Answer 13

1. Perception of self and others
2. Interaction with environment
3. Problem solving and decision making

Question 14

What are two types of perception of self or others intermediate beliefs? (Pimply cock)

Answer 14

Power and control (need to dominate others and have control over situations and the environment; “Nobody can tell me what to do”)
Criminal associates (can relate best to antisocial peers; e.g., “I don’t have anything in common with people who live a straight life”)

Question 15

What are two types of antisocial intermediate beliefs that relate to interactions with the environment? (Enthralling holiday)

Answer 15

1. Excitement seeking (Thrill seeking and lack of tolerance for boredom; e.g., “There’s no better feeling than ram raiding, I get such a rush from it”).
2. Hostility toward law and order (Distrust and pessimism regarding laws and regulations; e.g., “Laws are there to hurt you, not help you”)

Question 16

What are two types of antisocial intermediate beliefs relating to problem solving and decision making?

Answer 16

1. Inability to cope (giving up, easily overwhelmed; e.g., “I will never be able to change”
2. Poor judgement (tendency to overlook likelihood of negative consequences; e.g., “I’ll sell drugs to fund a legitimate business, I won’t get caught”)

Question 17

What are the key processes for restructuring antisocial intermediate beliefs? (Collaborate ABCC)

Answer 17

Collaboratively discuss a belief target that has repeatedly led to poor decisions
Activating event: Recall a specific occasion where the belief influenced a decision
Beliefs: Identify thoughts in the situation
Cognitive restructuring: counter response/alternative way of viewing the situation
Consequences: describe choices that follow from the original thinking pattern and the counter response

Question 18

What are automatic thoughts?
Where do they come from?

Answer 18

Spontaneous thoughts that occur in response to activating events
They have a direct influence on our feelings and behaviour
Emerge from intermediate beliefs

Question 19

How can group process add value to group therapy? (SHARE commitment)

Answer 19

Self disclosure facilitated by individual members sharing their experiences
“Hot” interpersonal cognitions can be accessed during group sessions
Redirect self-focus to other group members
Experiments (behavioural) and surveys can be done in group sessions
Commitment to attend can be enhanced by forming relationships with other group members

Question 20

What are 4 dynamic risk factors for sexual offending? (PIES)

Answer 20

Poor cognitive problem solving
Intimacy deficits
Emotional congruence with children
Sexual preoccupation

Question 21

What is the ASRS measure used by department of corrections to assess risk of sexual recidivism?
What type of risk factors does it assess?

Answer 21

Automated sexual recidivism scale
Assesses 7 static risk factors

Question 22

What risk factors does the stable and acute psychometric tool measure?
What do the two different sub scales measure?

Answer 22

Dynamic risk factors for sexual recidivism
STABLE measures 5 risk factors over past year
ACUTE measures 8 acute risk factors over past month

Question 23

What two broad categories of dynamic risk factors does the the multiphasic sex inventory measure?

Answer 23

Psychosexual functioning
Cognitive distortions around sexual offending

Question 24

How is criminal behaviour acquired and maintained according to the general personality and cognitive social learning (GPSL) perspective?

Answer 24

Criminal behaviour is acquired and maintained through a combination of observational learning, operant and classical conditioning.

Question 25

According to the GPSL, what are the three broad factors that influence propensity for crime (i.e., are either favourable or unfavourable for crime) (PIC)

Answer 25

1. Personal (i.e., temperament, personality, antisocial attitudes) 2. Interpersonal (i.e., family modelling crime, interpersonal difficulties) 3. Community (i.e., society with high unemployment, live in low SES area)

Question 26

What determines an individual’s decision to engage in crime in the immediate situation?

Answer 26

Weigh up rewards and costs of engaging in crime, e.g. unemployed person may sell drugs to earn money as they are unable to access rewards through prosocial behaviour (employment)

Question 27

What are the 2 types of empirically supported treatment interventions that should be delivered under the responsivity principle?

Answer 27

Cognitive behavioural (e.g., cognitive restructuring, practising behavioural strategies, skill building) Social learning (modelling prosocial behaviour, reinforcement for prosocial behaviour, role-playing)

Question 28

According to the responsivity principle, what 2 types of offender characteristics should be considered when planning modes and styles of treatments? (Prickly cucumber)

Answer 28

Personality (i.e., neurotic, anxious person, personal sensitivity, confidence) Cognitive styles (i.e., low IQ, learning style, ADHD) E.g., neurotic anxious person with low IQ will likely struggle in group setting

Question 29

When inflexible or maladaptive behaviours arise in the therapy room, how are they useful?

Answer 29

They mirror the clients typical ways of interacting with others, so provide useful opportunities for understanding the client and modifying unhelpful thoughts and behaviours.

Question 30

What are 7 therapist qualities that facilitate change? (FRIEnDS)

Answer 30

Flexibility Rewarding/encouraging Interest Empathy Supportively challenging

Question 31

What are therapist qualities that impede change? (SICC)

Answer 31

Support without direction Inflexibility Coldness Confrontation (Aggressive, sarcastic, critical, hostile)

Question 32

When developing a good life plan, what is the key questions you should ask?

Answer 32

1. What are the primary goals the client was trying to pursue via their offending? 2. How could they pursue these goals in more adaptive, non-harmful ways?

Question 33

What are secondary goods? Provide and example.

Answer 33

The means for obtaining primary human goods. The primary goods of knowledge and excellence in work may be obtained through the secondary good of completing a building apprenticeship.

Question 34

What is the assumption regarding offending according to the GLM?

Answer 34

Offending occurred as a maladaptive attempt to attain primary goods

Question 35

What is the direct pathway to offending according to the GLM? Give an example

Answer 35

Offender actively attempts to directly attain primary goods through criminal behaviour. E.g., individual who lacks interpersonal skills and opportunities to attain PG of intimacy with an adult may instead attain this through sexual offending.

Question 36

What is the indirect pathway to offending according to the GLM?

Answer 36

When pursuit of PGs (esp conflict between PGs) creates a ripple effect and leads to offending. E.g., person who seeks PG of happiness and pleasure through drinking alcohol experiences relationship breakup (conflict between PG of happiness and PG of relationships/intimacy) experiences loneliness, gets intoxicated and has a a fight in a pub

Question 37

How are criminogenic needs conceptualised in the GLM?

Answer 37

Internal (e.g., psychological) or external (e.g., social, economic) that interfere with an individual’s capacity to attain desired PGs in prosocial or non harmful ways Each of the 11 PGs can be linked with one or more criminogenic needs For example, Agency - impulsivity Happiness - deviant sexual preferences Relatedness - intimacy deficits Community - antisocial associates

Question 38

What are the four types of obstacles offenders experience when trying to attain PGs?

Answer 38

1. Lack of means 2. Lack of scope (Too much emphasis on some PGs while neglecting others) 3. Conflict between PGs sought (e.g., conflict between agency/life and living and relatedness) 4. Lack of capacities (internal, i.e., skills / Knowledge, and external, i.e., supports, resources, employment opportunities)

Question 39

What is the PCLR? What two factors does it assess?

Answer 39

Psychopathy checklist revised Emotional detachment and antisocial behaviour

Question 40

What is the VRS? Does it assess dynamic or static risk of reoffending?

Answer 40

Violence risk scale Assesses 6 static and 20 dynamic risk factors