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Compounding Exam 2 > Ointments > Flashcards

Ointments Flashcards

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1
Q

ointments are ____% water and ____% oil

what is it if these percentages are reversed?

A

less than 20% water and greater than 50% oil

if reversed, it’s a CREAM

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2
Q

purpose of unmedicated ointments

A

for protective effects, as emollients, and as lubricants

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3
Q

** name the 5 classifications of ointment bases

A

-hydrocarbon (oleaginous)

-anyhdrous absorption base

-W/O emulsion base

-O/W emulsion base

-water soluble (water miscible) base

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4
Q

what ointment base is also known as a hydrous absorption base?

A

W/O emulsion base

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5
Q

what ointment base is also known as a water removable base?

A

O/W emulsion base

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6
Q

Which ointment base stays the longest on the skin

A

oleaginous/hydrocarbon base

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7
Q

which ointment base is the most water washable

A

water soluble (water miscible) base

thin and easily spreadable and washable, but doesnt stay on the skin long

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8
Q

2 drugs that can be incorporated into hydrocarbon/oleaginous bases

A

solids or oils

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9
Q

true or false

for oleaginous bases, drug release for lipophilic drugs is POOR

A

true

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10
Q

______ and occlusiveness are opposites

A

spreadability

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11
Q

true or false

spreadability of oleaginous bases is difficult

A

true

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12
Q

****5 examples of oleaginous/hydrocarbon bases

A

(yellow) petrolatum
white petrolatum

yellow ointment
white ointment

vaseline
plastibase

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13
Q

components of yellow ointment and white ointment

what type of ointment base are they?

A

oleaginous/hydrocarbon base

yellow ointment = yellow wax + petrolatum

white ointment = white wax + white petrolatum

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14
Q

anhydrous absorption base is ___ +____

A

oleaginous base + W/O surfactant (LOW HLB – LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 8)

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15
Q

true or false

absorption bases contain NO WATER

A

TRUE

they contain no water, but will absorb 3x its weight in water to form a w/o emulsion

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16
Q

best ointment base for incorporating water

A

anhydrous absorption base

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17
Q

3 types of drugs that can be incorporated into anhydrous absorption bases

A

solids, oils, aqueous solutions

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18
Q

**name 5 anhydrous absorption bases

A

hydrophilic petrolatum

anhydrous lanolin

aquabase

aquaphor

polysorb

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19
Q

2 components of aquaphor and what kind of base is it

A

anhydrous absorption base

white petrolatum (oleaginous base) + lanolin alcohols (lipophilic surfactant)

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20
Q

another term for hydrous absorption base

A

w/o emulsion base

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21
Q

true or false

for hydrous absorption bases, the base itself contains water while for anhydrous absorption bases, it does not

A

true

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22
Q

composition of hydrous absorption bases

A

oleaginous base + WATER + W/O surfactant (HLB less than or = to 8)

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23
Q

true or false

hydrous absorption bases do not absorb water while anhydrous absorption bases DO

A

FALSE

both absorb water to form W/O emulsion, but hydrous not nearly as much as anhydrous

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24
Q

5 examples of hydrous absorption bases/ W/O emulsion bases**

A

hydrous lanolin
rose water ointment
cold cream
hydrocream
eucerin

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25
components of eucerin and what kind of base is it
hydrous absorption base/ W.O absorption base purified water + petrolatum + lanolin alcohol (lipophilic surfactant)
26
true or false hydrous absorption bases contain preservatives
TRUE bc of water content
27
O/W emulsion bases are also known as ___ bases and ___ bases
cream bases or water removable bases
28
composition of O/W emulsion bases
oleaginous base + water + O/W surfactant (HLB greater than or = to 9)
29
hydrous absorption bases and O/W emulsion bases all contain oleaginous base + water + surfactant how are they different?
hydrous absorption bases contain less than 45%w/w in water and also contain a LIPOPHILIC SURFACTANT O/W emulsion bases contain GREATER THAN 45%W/W in water and a HYDROPHILIC SURFACTANT
30
5 examples of O/W emulsion bases/ water removable bases
hydrophilic ointment vanishing cream dermabase velvachol unibase
31
composition of water soluble ointment bases
PEGS
32
TRUE OR FALSE water soluble ointment bases are the ONLY ointment base without an oleaginous base as part of the composition
TRUE
33
water soluble bases can be used as vehicles for....
solids
34
example of water soluble ointment base
PEG OINTMENT (40% PEG 4000 + 60% PEG 400)
35
TRUE OR FALSE aquaphor is a o/w emulsion base
FALSE anhydrous absorption base
36
what kind of ointment base is dermabase
O/W emulsion "cream" base / water removable base
37
what kind of base is white petrolatum
hydrocarbon base
38
which has greater storage stability --- ointments or suspensions/emulsions?
OINTMENTS have smaller amount of water
39
2 stability concerns of ointments and how can they be resolved
"bleeding" - phase separation -- can see water droplets expelled out -- use ANHYDROUS ABSORPTION BASE dehydration -- (evaporation of water) -- ADD HUMECTANTS to slow the evaporation of water and the drying out of the base
40
3 ex of humectants that can be added to ointment bases to prevent the dehydration and evaporation of water from the base and drying out
propylene glycol sorbitol PEG
41
name these bases: aquaphor eucerin white ointment PEG ointment NF
aquaphor - anhydrous absorption base white ointment - oleaginous base eucerin - hydrous absorption base PEG ointment NF - water soluble base
42
true or false water removable bases contain water
TRUE O/W emulsions (cream bases)
43
name 2 methods of preparing ointments
fusion method mechanical incorporation method
44
when is the fusion method of preparing ointments used? explain how it is done
when u need to combine ingredients with varying consistencies ingredients combined by MELTING THEM TOGETHER and stirring until congealed (highest melting point 1st, and then the rest)
45
the mechanical incorporation method of preparing ointments is also known as the ____ method
levigation
46
true or false levigation is the process of reducing the particle size of a solid
true
47
***explain what levigation is
process of reducing the particle size of a solid by triturating it with a small amount of liquid or melted base to wet the solid TO MAKE A SMOOTH ELEGANT PRODUCT
48
***should the drug be miscible with the levigating agent?? should the levigating agent be miscible with the base/vehicle?
drug should be INSOLUBLE in the levigating agent the levigating agent SHOULD be miscible in the base/vehicle
49
mineral oil and cottonseed oil are likely to be levigating agents for which ointment base? glycerin PEG and PPG are likely to be levigating agents for which ointment base?
oils - W/O emulsions glycerin, PEG, PPG - O/W emulsions, water soluble bases REMEMBER - levigating agents must be miscible with base
50
***polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) is used as a levigating agent for -----
coal tar
51
_____ is recommended for levigating pruvian balsam
castor oil
52
icthammol is levigated with ____ or fixed oils
glycerin
53
what is the approximate amount of levigating agent used?
less than 5% MIN AMOUNT SHOULD BE USED
54
*****compounding petrolatum-based ointment for dry skin the ointment must contain Yellow Petrolatum and Drug A, which is soluble in water and alcohol which levigating agent should you use? -olive oil -ethanol -water
OLIVE OIL drug A is soluble in the other 2 and we DONT WANT THIS also, olive oil (the levigating agent) is miscible with the base which is good
55
true or false trituration is optional when preparing ointments
FALSE necessary we don't want grittiness
56
explain geometric dilution Drug A 1 gram Drug B 3g Drug C 9g
1 g drug a add 3g drug b in portions add drug c in portions SMALLEST TO LARGERST
57
what is a "nucleus"
add a SMALL amount of paste to ALL the powders -- just enough to make a stiff paste -- and levigate until completely particle free - forms a NUCLEUS for the rest of the ointment then the rest of the base is added using geometric dilusion
58
TRUE OR FALSE % of ointment formulaiton is ALWAYS %w/w
TRUE
59
***** very important consideration for urea (crystals) when preparing ointments
urea is a hard crystalline -- trituration is NOT ENOUGH to reduce the particle size HAS TO BE DISSOLVED IN WATER BEFORE INCORPORATED
60
***you get a prescription for urea and white petrolatum what is the issue
even if you dissolve the urea in water, YOU CANNOT JUST USE THE WHITE PETROLATUM -- bleeding will occur have to use additional ABSORPTION base. anhydrous absorption base preferred but can also use hydrous absorption base
61
**as mentioned, urea cannot just be triturated it must be dissolved in water explain the amount of water
its solubility is 1g/1.5mL of water use the MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER required for sdissoluion
62
**as mentioned, we need to add absorption base in cases of urea + oleaginous base how do we know how much to add? what is the rule of thumb?***
USE 2X THE AMOUNT OF WATER if you have 3mL of water use 6g of aquaphor
63
true or false ointments do NOT need to be sterile
true BUT must meet certain microbial standards
64
***dermatological products like ointments should be examined for what 2 bacteria?
pseduomonas and staph aureus
65
*** what 3 routes should be tested for certain things? what are they?
rectal, urethral, or vaginal yests and molds
66
true or false it is required for an ointment label to contain information regarding the type of base was used
FALSE - OPTIONAL must HAVE AUX STICKER EXTERNAL USE ONLY
67
true or false a hydrophilic drug in an oily base will release quickly
TRUE
68
***true or false any of these can be used to get insoluble powders in ointments into the finest state: trituration pulverization by intervention levigating agents
TRUE all can be used
69
2 purposes of levigating agents
increase the surface area of the active ingredient which in turn reduces particle size
70
true or false release rate of a drug from the base depends on the solubility of the drug in the ointment base ONLY
false solubility + properties of the ointment base itself
71
an ointment ____ is preferred over an ointment ____ when incorporating liquid into an ointment
slab over pad
72

Compounding Exam 2 (9 decks)

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