Solutions Flashcards by amanda kastel

define solutions vs suspensions vs emulsions

solutions - CLEAR liquid preparations w 1 or more agents DISSOLVED in a vehicle

suspensions = solid in liquid dispersions

emulsions - liquid in liquid dispersion

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true or false

suspensions and emulsions are not homogenous, while solutions are

TRUE

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as mentioned, solutions are homogenous - a mixture of 1 or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.

this dissolution is at the ____ or ____ level

molecular or ionic

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true or false

solutions are not thermodynamically stable and is a 1 phase system

FALSE - they are 1 phase systems, but ARE thermodynamically stable

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true or false

a solution can only be a solid homogenously dissolved in a liquid

FALSE

can be a combination of solids, liquids, and/or gasses

HOWEVER, for PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS — limited to a solid or liquid homogenously dissolved in a LIQUID SOLVENT

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when looking at a compounding procedure, what is 1 way to tell that you are making a solution by looking at the instructions?

will say, “completely dissolved” in vehicle

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true or false

a disadvantage of solutions is that they are not immediately available for absorption

FALSE - they are

no disintegration or dissolution needed like in the case of a tablet

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true or false

solutions can be used via various routes of absorption, and this is an advantage

TRUE

ie - oral, topical, rectal, ophthalmic, otic, etc

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which are more stable - solids or solutions

SOLIDS

thus, low stability is an issue with solutions

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true or false

a disadvantage of solutions is that you need to mask any unpleasant taste

TRUE

bc when you drink it it spreads all over the tongue — suspensions and capsules are better for drugs that taste bad

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what is a disadvantage of solutions when compared to unit dose forms

they are less accurate in their dosing

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true or false

solutions are homogenous and can give a uniform dose

TRUE

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true or false

solutions are hard to administer in patients who have difficulty swallowing, and this is a disadvantage

FALSE

easier to administer - ie - pediatrics who cant swallow pills

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true or false

it is difficult to adjust the dose of solutions and this is a disadvantage

FALSE - easy to adjust and this is an advantag3e

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do solutions need to be shaken before use?

they are a homogenous, thermodynamically stable, 1 phase system

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solutions are a ____ phase system

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which gives faster absorption***
solutions or emulsions

SOLUTIONS ALWAYS

suspensions and emulsions need to still dissolve in the gastric fluid

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true or false

a disadvantage of solutions is that they are difficult to handle, package, transport and store

TRUE

they are bulkier and heavier than tablets

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________ may limit the use of solutionS

INTRINSIC SOLUBILITY

ie - if drug A is insoluble in water, we cannot make a stable solution

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true or false

neither disintegration NOR dissolution is needed for solutions to absorb

true

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explain how the USP defines approximate solubility using descriptive terms**

“parts of solventrequired for 1 part of solute”

ie - how many mL needed to dissolve 1 gram of solute

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which is more soluble in water

Drug A: 1-10
Drug B: 30-100

“parts of solvent to dissolve 1 part solvent”

so higher the number = less soluble

DRUG A IS MORE SOLUBLE. less mL of solvent needed to dissolve the drug

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“the solubility of a drug is the expression of quantity of a drug that can be maintained in solution at a given ___ and ___ and is usually expressed as….”

temp and pressure

mL solvent needed to dissolve 1 g of drug

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name 4 types of aqueous solutions

syrups
aromatic waters
mucilages
aqueous acids

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ALL aqueous solutions (syrups, aromatic waters, mucilages, aqueous acids), have what in common

WATER as the major vehicle

___ or ___ water should always be used when preparing pharmaceutical solutions

distilled or purified

syrups are a concentrated or nearly saturated solution of ____ in water ____% ____ less than ____10%____

SUCROSE 60-80% sucrose less than 10% alcohol (to preserve free water in the syrup)

explain what aromatic waters are

saturated solutions of volatile oils in water - used to provide plesant flavor/smell TYPE OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Explain what mucilages are

type of aqueous solution THICK AND VISCOUS - vegetable gums dispersed in water used as suspending or thickening agents

explain what aqueous acids are

dilute aqueous solutions of acids (usually less than 10%) TYPE OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION not dispensed - used as stock solution for compounding

******* syrup, USP contains _____g of sucrose and ____mL of water in EACH LITER OF SYRUP thus, how many mL can be occupied by sucrose powder?

850g and 463mL water 1000mL - 463mL = 537mL of 1000mL can be occupied by sucrose

2 purposes of syrup USP

-sweetening agent -vehicle for other syrups

true or false Syrup, USP needs excipients to preserve it

FALSE it is self preserving with miminal chance of crystallization HOWEVER, DILUTED sucrose solutions are good for microorganism growth, so if the sucrose cons is below 85% w/v, SHOULD ADD ANOTHER PRESERVATIVE

As mentioned, Syrup, USP is self preserving. however, there is 463mL of water in 1000mL of Syrup, USP how is this water being preserved?

the high sucrose concentration

**Alcohol content of "Alcohol, USP"

95% NOT 100%!!!!!!!

non aqueous solutions are solutions that contain solvents other than water name 2 frequently used non aqueous solvents

alcohol OR a binary mixture containing alcogol

name 4 non aqueous solutions AND THEIR ALCOHOL CONTENTS*****

Elixir - 5-40% spirits/essences - 62-85% tinctures - 15-80%

KEY WORD for tinctures

prepared from VEGETABLE OR CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES BY MACERATION OR PERCOLATION

_______are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances

spirits or essences

compared with syrups, elixirs are _____ sweet and ____ viscous

less sweet and less viscous (bc lower proportion of sugar)

which are better at masking the taste of medicinal substances - syrups or elixirs?

syrups

which is better to maintain BOTH water soluble and alcohol soluble components in solution- elixirs or aqueous syrups

elixirs - bc of hydroalcoholic character

spirits are a convenient means of obtaining a proper amount of.....

A FLAVORING OIL ie - peppermint spirit USP

"clearm sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use"

elixirs

****FDA limits on hydroalcoholic solutions for children**

less than 6 yrs = less than 0.5% 6-12 yrs = less than 5% children over 12 yrs = less than 10%

usually, less than ___% of preservatives are needed

less than 1%

how to differentiate between single and multi dose vials just from looking at the label

multi dose will have PRESERVATIVES

Explain what antioxidants are and why they may be added to solutions

substances that prevent or inhibit oxidation added to protect the components that are subject to chemical degradation by oxidation

give some ex of antioxidants

vitamin c (ascorbic acid) vitamin e (ascorbyl palmitate) sodium bisulfate sodium sulfite BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) tocopherol monothioglycerol LOOK FOR SULFATE.SULFITE, BUTYL, ETC

2 purposes of sweeteners/flavoring agents in solutions

-enhances viscosity -gives pleasant taste and texture

_______ possess sweetening power that can be used for diabetic preparations

polyhydric alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol)

****4 examples of common cosolvents

alcohol glycerin PEG400 propylene glycol

purpose of cosolvents in solution

to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs

what do sufactants do?

reduce INTERFACIAL TENSION between particles and the liquid vehicle, thus promoting wetting and solubilization CREATES A HOMOGENEOUS DISPERSION OF SOLID PARTICLES IN A LIQUID VEHICLE

Surfactants form ______ in solution when _____

micelles at concentration over cmc (critical micelle concentration

when a surfactant is added to a water insoluble drug in water, where does the water insoluble drug go?

solubilized in the hydrophobic core of the micelle

4 examples of surfactants/solubilizers

tweens spans poloxamers SLS

true or false ascorbic acid is an antimicrobial preservative

FALSE - it's antioxidant

is SLS a preservative

no - surfactant

true or false solutions should be clear with NO PARTICLES VISIBLE

true

explain the general procedure for compounding solutions

1. check solubility of all ingredients and make sure everything will dissolve in specified amount of solvent 2. dissolve the solids in the solvent - AFTER TRITURATING THEM -- BC SMOLER PARTICLES DISSOLVE FASTER! 3. dissolve all powders at same time 4. do the dissolution in a beaker with a stirring rod bc you can stir more effectively in a beaker than a grad cylinder

true or false trituration is optional for solutions

true! if you already know it will dissolve in the solvent, you dont NEED to triturate

where should you perform the dissolution when preparing solutions

IN A BEAKER - not grad cylinder

when dissolving solids to prepare solution, explain how much solvent you should use

for ex, if solubility of drug is 1g/5mL of water and the formulation calls for 20mL, use all of the 20mL to dissolve the drug

**when compounding solutions: if the vehicle consists of more than 1 solvent (ie - alc and water) - which solvent should you dissolve the solid in??

the one in which the solid is MOST SOLUBLE after the solid dissolves in this, add other solvents in order of decreasing solubility ie - most soluble to least soluble

when the solid is completely dissolved in the solvents, the solution should be transferred to a ________ to be "qs'ed" with the vehicle NEVER transfer to a ____

GRAD CYLINDER NEVER TO A BOTTLE

in compounding solutions, we should never QS in a ___ or ____

beaker or bottle

*******differentiate between how the strength of API is expressed for solutions depending on the ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

topical - % oral - amt/vol of each dose

tocopherol is a preservative (true or false)

FALSE - antioxidant. vitamin E

true or false bentonite is NOT a preservative

TRUE - it's a clay that can increase the thickness of topical ointments

true or false cresol is not a preservative

FALSE - it is

true or false Pharmaceutical solutions are chemically more stable than solid dosage forms

FALSE

true or false alcohol is a vehicle used for topical solutions only

FALSE - as long as below certain % as mentioned, can be oral.

true or false syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of sucrose containing 60-85% sucrose

TRUE

true or false spirits are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use and contain 5-40% alcohol

FALSE this is elixir

Solutions Flashcards

(76 cards)