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EAS 2600 > Old Exam 1 Questions > Flashcards

Old Exam 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant element in Earth’s crust (by weight)

A

oxygen

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2
Q

Tendency of mineral to break along smooth flat surfaces

A

cleavage

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3
Q

Most common mineral in Earth’s crust

A

feldspar

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4
Q

Not a characteristic of minerals

A

Either liquid or solid

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5
Q

Most abundant mineral group in Earth’s crust

A

silicates

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6
Q

Mass number of an atom is obtained by totaling the number of

A

protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Building block of the silicate minerals is called the

A

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

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8
Q

Most unreliable diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is

A

color

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9
Q

Each elemnet is defined by the number of

A

protons

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10
Q

The definition of a mineral includes words such as…

A

naturally ocurring and crystalline

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11
Q

An igneous rock that contains vesicles

A

contains many small holes, is also extrusive, is also aphanatic

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12
Q

Which is an igneous rock? rhyolite, slate, limestone, shale

A

Rhyolite

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13
Q

Granite and gabbro have

A

a similar texture

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14
Q

Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit this texture

A

phaneritic

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15
Q

This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes

A

porphyritic

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16
Q

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock

A

granite

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17
Q

The textures of an igneous rock…

A

records the rock’s cooling history

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18
Q

Igneous rock is formed

A

by crystallization of molten rock

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19
Q

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of

A

particle size

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20
Q

Which rock type is associated with a high-energy environment?

A

conglomerate

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21
Q

Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

clay and quartz

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22
Q

Sedimentary rocks account for about ____ percent of rock exposures on the continents

A

75

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22
Q

The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is

A

limestone

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23
Q

List in correct order the forms of coal from lowest grade to highest

A

Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite

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24
Q

Metamorphism may result from

A

pressure, heat, chemical action

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25
Q

What changes may occur during metamorphism?

A

crystals may grow larger, rock becomes more compact, certain minerals may recrystallize

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26
Q

When certain minerals recrystallize with a preferred orientation that is perpendicular to the direction of the compressional force, the rock is said to exhibit

A

foliation

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27
Q

The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is

A

marble

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28
Q

This metamorphic rock is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals

A

gneiss

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29
Q

This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone

A

quartzite

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30
Q

The agents of metamorphism are…

A

heat, pressures and chemical fluids

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31
Q

What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade metamorphism?

A

slate

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32
Q

Through metamorphic activity

A

grantie can change to gneiss

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33
Q

Most of the heat for contact metamorphism is supplied by

A

a nearby mass of magma

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34
Q

Chemical weathering would be most effective

A

in a warm, humid climate

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35
Q

Which is not a product of chemical weathering of potassium feldspar: Silica, Iron oxide, Potassium bicarbonate, clay

A

Iron oxide

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36
Q

What sedimentary rock is composed of the most abundant product of chemical weathering?

A

Sandstone

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37
Q

If grantie and basalt outcropped in an area with a hot and humind climate,

A

the basalt would weather more rapidly

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38
Q

If granite and basalt outcropped in an area with a hot+humid climate, which type of weathering would predominate?

A

Chemical

39
Q

Which one of the following is not true about mechanical weathering?

A

does not affect metamorphic rocks

40
Q

Which one of the following is not related to chemical weathering: hydrolysis, oxidation, solution, decomposition, frost wedging

A

Frost wedging

41
Q

The incorporation and transportation of material by water, wind or ice describes the process of

A

erosion

42
Q

Which of these factors influence the type adn rate of weathering: mineral content, topography, present of joints, climate

A

all

43
Q

Bauxite formation is associated with

A

rainy, tropical climates

44
Q

Among the controls of soil formation are

A

slope, plants and animals, time, climate

45
Q

Soils formed on bedrock are termed

A

residual soils

46
Q

A soil characteristic of the humid easten US is

A

pedalfer

47
Q

A soil associated with the hot and wet tropics is

A

laterite

48
Q

The decayed remains of animal and plant life in soil is known as

A

humus

49
Q

Eluviation is greatest in the…

A

A horizon

50
Q

The B Horizon of soil is also called

A

both the subsoil and the zone of accumulation

51
Q

What is not true of laterite soils

A

very productive agriculturally

52
Q

What is used to describe the way minerals move during a mass wasting event?

A

slide, flow, fall

53
Q

The controlling force of mass wasting is…

A

gravity

54
Q

As a body of magma cools _____ is the first mineral type to crystallize out in the melt

A

olivine

55
Q

The pressence of water descreases an igneous melt’s viscosity.

A

True

56
Q

The presence of water increase the melting temperature of igneous rock.

A

False

57
Q

Mafic melts are more viscous than Felsic melts

A

False

58
Q

The fastest mass wasting events are avalanches.

A

True

59
Q

Creep is a form of flow.

A

True.

60
Q

Felsic rocks have a lower melting temp than Mafic rocks.

A

True

61
Q

Increasing Ca content corresponds increasing SIlica content in a melt.

A

False

62
Q

Metallic bonding results in a sharing of valence electrons among mutliple atoms.

A

True

63
Q

Hematite weather more rapidly than quartz

A

False

64
Q

Iron oxide is not a weathering product of pyroxene.

A

False

65
Q

Prograde metamorphism is the process by which a rock is changed from a higher to a lower grade metamorphic rock.

A

False

66
Q

Name 3 of the Earth’s “spheres”

A

Atmosphere, Biosphere, Geosphere

67
Q

Is Plate Tectonics a hypothesis, theory, or paradigm

A

Paradigm

68
Q

Is evolution a hypothesis, theory, or paradigm

A

Theory

69
Q

Is Big bang a hypothesis, theory, or paradigm

A

hypothesis

70
Q

A soil sample contains 40% silt, 40% sand, and 20% clay. What type is it?

A

Loam

71
Q

Is loam well suited for plant growth?

A

Yes

72
Q

Intrusive rocks: a)form at Earth’s surface b)are generally fine-grained c)are quite often vesicular d)are also termed volcanic e)none

A

e) none

73
Q

The texture of an igneous rock…

A

records the rock’s cooling history.

74
Q

Rocks that contain crystals taht are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit this texture.

A

Coarse grained (think little tiny flecks)

75
Q

This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes.

A

Porphyritic

76
Q

As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form..

A

decrease.

77
Q

When a mineral breaks into smooth curved surfaces, it is said to exhibit ________ fracture.

A

conchodial

78
Q

Obsidian exhibits a __________ texture.

A

glassy

79
Q

Which makes up the bulk of the volume of the Earth?

A

Crust

80
Q

Which layer will not transmit S waves?

A

Outer core

81
Q

Seismic waves that cross the boundary and are bent are…

A

refracted

82
Q

The astehnosphere is stronger than the lithosphere.

A

True

83
Q

An earthquake’s Richter magnitude is based on…

A

the amount of ground movement caused by seismic waves.

84
Q

What drives plate tectonics?

A

Thermal convection

85
Q

The first motion of the P waves signal the type of faulting.

A

True

86
Q

What type of rock makes up the COlumbia Plateau?

A

flood basalts

87
Q

Shallow, intermediate, and deep focus earthquales occur at….

A

convergent plate boundaries

88
Q

Which of the following types of seismic waves are slowest?

A

Surface waves.

89
Q

Small vents on volcanoes that emit gas fumes and steam are called….

A

fumaroles

90
Q

What type of volcano is Mt. Saint Helens?

A

Stratovolcano

91
Q

What type of seismic waves are S waves?

A

Shear waves

92
Q

What is the name for a basaltic lava flow that has a ropy, folded surface?

A

pahoehoe

93
Q

The size of an earthquake can be related to fault…

A

rupture area

94
Q

What determines the slope of a cinder cone?

A

the maximum angle at which cinders remain stable

EAS 2600 (15 decks)

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