Old Test Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What does virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through?
A
intracellular second messengers
2
Q
What are the categories of endocrine gland stimulation?
A
hormonal, humeral, and neural
3
Q
What are some anterior pituitary hormones?
A
Andrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH), Growth Hormone(GH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)
4
Q
what chemical substances are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body?
A
hormones
5
Q
What are changes typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
A
activating or deactivating enzymes, altering plasma membrane permeability, inducing secretory activity
6
Q
The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person is experiencing a high metabolic rate
A
Thyroid
7
Q
Does direct gene activation involve a second-messenger system
A
False
8
Q
Which hormone is secreted when calcium is high in the blood?
A
Calcitonin
9
Q
the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on what?
A
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
10
Q
what is the function of aldosterone
A
to increase reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys
11
Q
what is the function of aldosterone
A
to increase reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys
12
Q
what gland is melatonin secreated from?
A
pineal gland
13
Q
several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalmus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. what is the mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
A
Hypophyseal portal system
14
Q
What is the endocrine responsible for?
A
communication between cells and tissues
15
Q
steroid hormones exert their action by what?
A
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
16
Q
How does the second messenger mechanism of hormone action operate?
A
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
17
Q
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. how is this possible?
A
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
18
Q
what hormone is going to enter the blood to help[ return levels back to normal after you eat a bunch of cookies?
A
insulin
19
Q
True or false: most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin
A
true
20
Q
True or False: Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) are produced in the posterior pituitary
A
false
21
Q
one of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. What describes this mechanism?
A
humoral stimulation
22
Q
mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to what?
A
cortisol
23
Q
when an adult has hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH), what will happen to this person?
A
Acromegaly, bones thicken and organs enlarge
24
Q
The posterior pituitary receives hormones from the hypothalmus. These hormones reach the posterior pituitary by way of what?
A
hypothalamo-hypophseal portal system
25
what is the most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids?
aldosterone
26
the second messenger system is described in five steps. What is the final step of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism
cAMP activates protein kinase to phosphorylate proteins in the cell
27
a man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. What would explain his problem?
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
28
The adrenal medulla is responsible for secreting which hormones?
epinephrine and nonepinephrine
29
The adrenal medulla is responsible for secreting which hormones?
epinephrine and nonepinephrine
30
what layers of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of cortisol?
zona fasiculata
31
where is thyrotropin releasing hormone from?
the hypothalamus
32
what would be the result of a tumor on the posterior pituitary which secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
diabetes insipidus
33
what is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex?
zone glomerulosa
34
what is paired glands located in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus and secrete estrogen?
the ovaries
35
what is the hormones called the fight or flight hormones because they prepare the body for stressful situations?
epinephrine and nonepinephrine
36
you have been working hard on this exam and your brain has been using a lot of energy. what hormone is going to enter the blood to return glucose levels back to normal?
glucagon
37
what hormone does the pancreas gland secrete
glucagon
38
what hormone does the parathyroid secrete
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
39
what hormone does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
40
what hormone does the testes secrete
testosterone
41
what hormone does the thyroid secrete
calcitonin
42
what hormone has to deal with diabetes insipidus
anti-diuretic hormone
43
what hormone has to deal with diabetes mellitus
insulin
44
what hormone has to deal with pituitary giantism
growth hormone
45
what hormone has to deal with secondary hypothyroidism
thyrotropin releasing hormone
46
what gland is located in the anterior neck
thyroid
47
what gland is located in the brain
hypothalmus
48
what gland is located on top of the kidneys
adrenal gland
49
what gland is located on the posterior side of the thyroid
parathyroid
50
what gland is located on the posterior side of the stomach
pancreas
51
what is a strong stimulator of uterine contractions
oxytocin
52
what does a hematocrit of 35 mean
35% of the blood is red blood cells
53
what are the distribution functions of blood
delivery of oxygen to body cells, transport of hormones to their target organs, transport of metabolic wastes from cells
54
What can be expected with polycythemia
high blood pressure, high hematocrit, increased blood volume
55
What is the production of red blood cells
erythropoiesis
56
What type of cells are thrombocytes
platelets
57
what is a type of genetic disorder
sickle cell anemia
58
what cell does not have visible cytoplasmic granules
monocytes
59
what are phases of hemostasis
coagulation, platelet plug formation, vascular spasm
60
what is a genetic disorder in which a patient will have excessive bleeding
hemophilia
61
what do hemorrhagic anemias result from
blood loss
62
where is Erythopoietin(EPO), a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production from
kidneys
63
What is a characteristic of all leukocytes
they are nucleated
64
What sticks to the damaged area of a blood vessel and helps to seal the break
platelets
65
Characteristics such as a bi-lobed nucleus and red granules are found in which type of cell
eosinophil
66
what is the white blood cell that contains light pink granules and a 3-5 lobed nucleus called
neutrophil
67
what refers to cancerous conditions involving the white blood cells
leukemia
68
all lymphocytes are ______ but not all _______ are lymphocytes
leukocytes
69
which granulocytes are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cells
neutrophils
70
What contains no nucleus but a lot of hemoglobin
erythrocytes
71
what are several granulocytes
basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
72
what is the largest white blood cell
monocyte
73
your patient has a parasitic worm infection. upon inspection of their blood sample you notice an elevated level of what type of white blood cells
eosinophils
74
in the plasma, we have different plasma proteins. What plasma protein is responsible for the formation of blood clots
fibrinogen
75
what is the majority of plasma composed of
water
76
what are functional characteristics of WBCs
ameboid motion, diapedisis, positive chemotasis
77
what is an abnormally low number of leukocytes known as
leukopenia
78
what is a protective function of the blood
prevention of blood loss
79
what might trigger erythropoiesis
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
80
what do blood reticulocytes counts provides information about
the rate of erythrocyte formation
81
what plasma protein is the major contributor to osmotic pressure
albumin
82
what blood type would it be if there is zero agglutionation
type O
83
what blood type would it be if there is a reaction to type A blood but no reaction to type B blood
type A
84
what blood type would it be if there is a reaction to both type A and type B
type AB
85
what is the largest type of cell with a U or C shaped nucleus
monocyte
86
what is the smallest type of cell with no granules
lymphocyte
87
what is the red blood cell with granules that also has a slight C or U shape
eosinophil
88
what is the cell with granules and three nuclei
neutrophil
89
what is the most common white blood cell found in the body
neutrophil
90
what cell mounts an immune response via direct cell attack or via antibodies
lymphocytes
91
what cell kills parasitic worms
eosinophil
92
what cell becomes the macrophage
monocyte
93
what cell is the main bacteria killer during acute infections
neutrophil
94
know the sequence
1. formation of thromboplastin 2. prothrombin to thrombin 3. fibrinogen to fibrin 4. clot retraction
95
know the sequence
1. formation of thromboplastin 2. prothrombin to thrombin 3. fibrinogen to fibrin 4. clot retraction
96
what is the normal RBC "graveyard"
the spleen
97
what is the enzymatic breakdown of the fibrin in blood clots
fibrinolysis
98
what is hemoglobin made up of
a globular protein and a heme or red pigment
99
when would neutrophils increase in number
when there is a bacterial infection present
100
what is the immediate response to blood vessel injury
vasoconstriction
101
how many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport
four
102
where are white and red blood cells produced
bone marrow
103
what hormone increases blood glucose levels
glucagon
104
What prevents back flow into the left vetricle
aortic valve
105
what prevents back flow into the right atrium
tricuspid valve
106
what prevents back flow into the left atrium
mitral valve
107
what prevents back flow into the right ventricle
pulmonary valve
108
what is the AV valve with two flaps also known as
mitral valve
109
what is the AV valve with three flaps also known as
tricuspid valve
110
what is it called when there is an abnormally fast heart rate
tachycardia
111
what is it called when there is an abnormally slow heart rate
bradycardia
112
what is the difference between resting and maximal cardiac output called
cardiac reserve
113
the inner lining of the heart
endocardium
114
what is heart muscle called
myocardium
115
serous layer covering the heart muscle
epicardium
116
the outermost layer of the serous pericardium
parietal layer
117
where does the myocardium receive its blood supply
the coronary arteries
118
does cardiac or skeletal muscle have more mitochondria and depend less on a continual supply of oxygen
cardiac
119
what provides collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle
anastomoses among coronary arterial branches
120
what is it called when the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues
congestive heart failure
121
true or false: the left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right
true
122
what does an ECG provide information of
the rate and rhythm of the heart beat
123
what causes normal heart sounds
closure of the heart valves
124
what occurs when semilunar valves are open
ventricles are in systole, AV valves are closed, and blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta
125
why is the left ventricular wall of the heart thicker then the right
to pump blood with greater pressure
126
what does the P wave in a normal electrocardiogram indicate
atrial depolarization
127
what is pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that can be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries called
angina pectoris
128
how does norepinephrine act on the heart?
causes the threshold to be reached more quickly
129
what vessels receive blood during ventricular systole
aorta and pulmonary trunk
130
when the ventricle is in systole what is the tricuspid valve like
it is closed
131
site where resistance to blood flow is greatest
arterioles
132
site where exchanges of food and gases are made
capillaries
133
site where the blood volume is greatest
large veins
134
site where the blood pressure is the greastest
large arteries
135
site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance
arterioles
136
results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage
cardiogenic shock
137
due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs
circulatory shock
138
normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation
vascular shock
139
due to large scale blood loss
hypovolemic shock
140
capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood
fenestrated capillary
141
capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles
continuous capillary
142
capillary that may contain kupffer cells in the lining
sinusoidal capillary
143
capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs
fenestrated capillary
144
what is the capillary that is most open or "holey"
sinusoidal capillary
145
capillary that is the tightest or most condensed
continuous capillary
146
capillary that is the middle sized or kinda "holey"
fenestrated capiillary
147
The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is called
autoregulation
148
what is the minimum pressure that needs to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution
osmotic pressure
149
capillary that is the middle sized or kinda "holey"
fenestrated capillary
150
what is the cerebral arterial circle or AKA circle of Willis called?
An arterial anastomosis
151
what is the outermost layer of a blood vessel
tunica adventitia
152
what is hypotension
systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg
153
what is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries
a precapillary sphinctor
154
what does the carotid sinus reflex protect
the blood supply to the brain
155
what does the aortic reflex maintain
adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole
156
what is widening of the lumen
vasodilation
157
what will an increase in blood viscosity cause
an increase in peripheral resistance
158
what chemicals help regulate blood pressure
ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide, angiotensin II
159
what carries blood away from the heart
arteries
160
what is the most common type of blood capillary
continuous capillary
161
what is the primary function of capillaries
permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells
162
what promotes an increase in blood pressure
aldosterone
163
what is pulse pressure
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
164
why are arterioles known as resistance vessels
the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
165
what process provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure
renal regulation
166
what reflects the balance or imbalance between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
167
what is a type of circulatory shock
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
168
hydrostatic pressure and capillary blood pressure are the same in what
the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries
169
delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from tissue cells, absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract, and gas exchange in the lungs are all involved in what?
tissue perfusion
170
what arteries feed directly into the capillary beds
arterioles
171
what type of capillary is in the small intestine and receives nutrients from digested food, are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney, and are in endocrine organs to allow hormones rapid entry into the blood
fenestrated
172
what factors aid venous return
venous valves, activity of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax
173
what helps regulate blood pressure
renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction, chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide, nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers
174
where is the velocity of blood flow slowest
the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
175
is blood flow through the entire vascular system equivalent to cardiac output
yes
176
what is cerebral blood flow regulated by
intrinsic auto-regulatory mechanisms
