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A&P lecture > spring final > Flashcards

spring final Flashcards

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1
Q

six major processes of the digestive system

A

ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation, and deglutition

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2
Q

the intake of food and deglutition (swallowing)

A

ingestion

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3
Q

propelling of contents through the digestive tract, mixing of contents within the digestive tract

A

propulsion

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4
Q

breakdown of food into their simplest forms(nutrients) and there are two types

A

digestion

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5
Q

physical breakdown of food (mastication, stomach churning, segmentation)

A

mechanical digestion

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6
Q

break down of molecules into small molecules via hydrolysis

A

chemical digestion

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7
Q

what are carbs broke down into

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

what are proteins broke down into

A

amino acids

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9
Q

what are fats broke down into

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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10
Q

the transport of nutrients to circulatory system, allows your body’s cell access to nutrients

A

absorption

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11
Q

the transport of nutrients to circulatory system, allows your body’s cell access to nutrients

A

absorption

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12
Q

SHITTING, removal of undigested and unabsorbed material from the body

A

defecation

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13
Q

AKA swallowing: a two step process

A

beglutition

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14
Q

what is the buccal phase of swallowing

A

tounge presses against hard palate forcing food bolus into oropharynx where the involuntary phase begins

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15
Q

what is peristalsis

A

adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax moving food along the tract distally

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16
Q

smooth muscles helps with mixing food with gastruc juices (chyme), chyme then moves through the pyloric sphincter

A

mechanical digestion

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17
Q

what chemicals are used during chemical digestion

A

pepsinogen, gastric acid, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor, mucus

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18
Q

what is released by chief cells, is the inactive form of pepsin, activated at low pH, and digests protein into polypeptides

A

pepsinogen

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19
Q

HCl is released by parietal cells, converts pepsinogen into pepsin, and kills bacteria

A

gastric acid

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20
Q

what is released by chief cells, breaks down emusilfied fats into fatty acids

A

gastric lipase

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21
Q

released by parietal cells, necessary for proper vitamin B12 absorption

A

intrinsic factor

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22
Q

released by mucous cells, protects the stomach from gastric acid and enzymes

A

mucus

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23
Q

What three phases start chemical digestion

A

cephalic phase, gastric phase, and gastrointestinal phase

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24
Q

what phase of stomach secretion is all in your head, stimulate by taste, smell, or thought of food, begins to stimulate gastric secretions; SMELLING TACO BELL

A

cephalic phase

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25
what phase of stomach secretion is initiated by presence of food in the stomach, triggers release of the hormone gastrin to the blood, gastrin stimulates parietal cells to release HCl
gastric phase
26
what phase of stomach secretion is initiated by entrance of chyme into duodenum, distension and presence of partially digested food in the duodenum causes closure of pyloric sphincter and release of enterogastrones (hormones that inhibit gastric acid secretion, don't need gastric juices if stomach is finished)
gastrointestinal phase
27
When dealing with stomach secretion phases, what usually takes four hours, carbohydrate-rich chyme moves quickly through duodenum, fatty chyme remains in duodenum for six hours of more.
regulation of gastric emptying
28
The duodenum released hormones when the chyme moves into the duodenum; the hormones that are released are?
secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
29
what is released when chyme enters duodenum; causes pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme
secretin
30
what is released when fat and protein enter duodenum; causes release of bile and release of pancreatic enzymes
cholecystokinin (CCK)
31
what is the most prevalent movement of the small intestine, helps with mixing and increase absorption
segmentation
32
what takes 3.5 hours for chyme to move through the small intestine
peristalsis
33
what helps neutralizes pH, enzymes aid in digestion by continuing hydrolysis in the small intestine
pancreatic juices
34
what also helps with pH and creates a watery environment in the small intestine
intestinal juice
35
what is located in the microvilli and finishes chemical digestion except for lipids in the small intestine
brush border enzymes (BBE)
36
what is the biggest role of the large intestine
moving feces toward anus
37
what are the slow segmenting movements which contract in response to distension in the large intestine
haustral contractions
38
what is there no more of at the end of chemical digestion in the large intestine
enzymatic digestion
39
what initiates parasympathetic which stimulates contractions of the sigmoid colon and rectum which relaxes internal anal sphincter; WE control relaxation of external sphincter
distension
40
in carbohydrate digest what do carbohydrate get broken down (hydrolyzed) to
simple sugars
41
in carbohydrate digest what are the Digestive enzymes
salivary amylase, pancreatic amaylase and BBE
42
what is the secondary active transport (cotransport) with Na+ and facilitated diffusion of some monosaccharaides, enter capillary beds in villi, transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
absorption
43
what do proteins get broken down into
20 amino acids
44
what enzymes aid in protein digestion
pepsin in the stomach, pancreatic trypsin, chymptrypsin, and carboxypeptidase in small intestine
45
where does the absorption of protein digestion in capillary beds take place
in the villi
46
what are lipids broken down into
glycerol, fatty acids, and mono glycerides
47
what enzymes aid in lipid digestion
pancreatic, lingual, and gastric lipase
48
what does the absorption of monoglycerides and fatty acids cluster with bile salts form
micelles
49
lipids combine with proteins to form
chylomicrons
50
what are the functions of kidneys
removing wastes, regulate water, electrolyte and acid base balanced of blood, regulating blood volume and pressure
51
what helps maintain homeostasis by controlling composition, volume, pressure, and pH of blood
kidneys
52
which kidney sits lower then the other
right kidney
53
area in which ureters, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels enter and exit
hilius
54
the superficial layer of the kidney
renal cortex
55
deep to the cortex, formed by renal pyramids and columns
renal medulla
56
major and minor, drain urine into the ureter
renal calyces
57
funnel shaped tube that drains urine into the ureter
renal pelvis
58
how is oxygenated blood carried to the kidneys
renal arteries
59
how is deoxygenated blood carried away from the kidneys
renal veins
60
functional units of the kidney, gets rid of waste product and form into urine and also return needed materials to blood
nephrons
61
80% of nephrons, bulk of these reside in the cortex, responsible for most regulatory functions
cortical nephrons
62
20% of nephrons, descend deep within the medulla, responsible for most regulatory functions
juxtamedullary nephrons
63
what is always composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule
nephrons
64
what is the renal corpuscle composed of
bowmans capsule and renal tubule
65
what happens as blood flows through the glomerulus
substances are filtered out of the bowmans capsule
66
what is the filtered substance from the bowmans capsule called
filtrate
67
composed of proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule
renal tubule
68
receives filtrate from glomerular capsule, formed by simple cuboidal epithelium
proximal convoluted tubule
69
center part, receive filtrate from poximal tubule, consists of descending and ascending limbs, formed by simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium
loop of henle
70
last portion of renal tubule, receives filtrate from loop of henle, draining filtrate into the collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
71
what do collecting ducts form by uniting
papillary ducts
72
where do papillary ducts drain
minor calyces
73
what blood vessels are associated with the nephron
afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta
74
what carries blood into the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
75
what carries blood out of the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
76
what surrounds the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
pertibular capillaries
77
what surrounds the loop of henle of juxtamedullary nephrons
vasa recta
78
transport urine from kidneys to the bladder, lined with tansitional epithelium
ureters
79
stores urine, average capacity is 700-800mL, lined with transitional epithelium
urinary bladder
80
transport urine from bladder to the outside of the body,
urethra
81
what urethra is longer, male or female
male
82
what is the urethra lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium and occasionally transitional epithelium
83
what happens when the urine level reaches 200-400 mL
the stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder send action potentials to the brain which leads to contraction of smooth muscle and relaxation of internal urethral sphinctor

A&P lecture (2 decks)

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