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Physiology Exam 6 > Olfaction > Flashcards

Olfaction Flashcards

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1
Q

CN __ = olfactory bulb

A

CN 1

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2
Q

Types of neurons which communicate between nasal cavity and olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons (OSN and VSN)

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3
Q

4 functions of odorants

A
  1. Attraction toward food
  2. Judging edibility (appetition/averson)
  3. Aversion of poison
  4. Aversion of unhealthy environments
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4
Q

Pheromones are used to attract toward?

A
  1. Offspring
  2. Mother
  3. Sexual partners
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5
Q

Pheromones are used to detect?

A
  1. Social / genetic relation
  2. Territorial boundaries
  3. Impending dangers
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6
Q

Identification of odorants or pheromones requires?

A
  1. Isolation
  2. Identification
  3. Synthesis
  4. Confirmation of activity in bioassay
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7
Q

Macrosmatic spcies

A

Animals with keen sense of smell (most)

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8
Q

Microsmatic species

A

Animals with relatively poor sense of smell (primates/humans)

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9
Q

Anosmatic species

A

Animals with no sense of smell (dolphins)

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10
Q

Allomone

A

Substance released from one animal which carries message to animal of different species to benefit emitter

(ex: skunk)

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11
Q

Kairomone

A

Substance released from one species which benefits receiver

ex: fox feces scares mice

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12
Q

Signature odor

A

Species-specific combination of compounds which carry message

(ex: distinction between littermate and stranger)

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13
Q

Odorants are mainly detected where?

A

In main olfactory epithelium

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14
Q

Pheromones are mainly detected where?

A
  1. Vomeronasal organ
  2. Gruneberg’s ganglion
  3. Main olfactory epithelium
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15
Q

Receptors in main olfactory epithelium and septal organ

A
  1. OR
  2. TAAR
  3. FPR
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16
Q

Receptors in vomeronasal organ of Jacobson

A
  1. V1R
  2. V2R
  3. FPR
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17
Q

OR stands for?

A

Odorant receptor

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18
Q

TAAR stands for?

A

Trace amine-associated receptors

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19
Q

FPR stands for?

A

Formyl peptide receptors

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20
Q

VxR stands for?

A

Vomeronasal receptors class x

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21
Q

Receptors in Gruneberg’s ganglion

A
  1. V2R

2. TAAR

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22
Q

In rodents and horses, VNO (vomeronasal organ) connects to?

A

Nasal cavity

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23
Q

Main receptors in main olfactory bulb

A

OR (odorant receptors)

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24
Q

In carnivores and ungulates, VNO connects to?

A

Oral cavity via ductus incisivus

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25
Sensory neurons are what shape?
Bipolar
26
Olfactory ensheathing cell aka?
Olfactory Schwann cell
27
Olfactory ensheathing cell is needed for?
Axon guidance during OSN regeneration
28
OSN turnover interval
40 days
29
OSN stands for?
Olfactory sensory neuron
30
What is an odorant?
Volatile chemical perceived to have an odor
31
Odor is strongly influenced by?
1. Osmophores | 2. Overall molecular shape
32
What are osmophores?
Polar functional groups which hangs on molecule
33
3 examples of osmophores which are found in spoiled foods
1. Carboxyl 2. Aldehyde 3. Amino
34
Largest family of G-protein coupled receptors
Odorant receptors
35
OSN express how many type of receptors?
Only 1
36
Receptors can be what two types?
Specialists (some) and generalists (many)
37
Specialist receptors
High specificity and affinity for specific chemical
38
Generalist receptors
Low specificity and affinity for specific chemical → detects overall form or specific features of chemical
39
What strategy allows humans to distinguish so many odors with only 388 different receptors?
Combinatorial strategy
40
Steps of odorant signal transudction
``` Odorant → Receptor → Depolarization → AP → Nt release ```
41
After the odorant activates the receptor, the activated receptor activates?
G(olf)-protein
42
During olfactory transduction, activated alpha(olf)-subunit activates?
Adenylyl cyclase to generate cAMP from ATP
43
During olfactory transduction, cAMP stimulates?
CNCG
44
CNCG stands for?
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel
45
What is CNCG?
Non-selective channel which also conducts Ca
46
During olfactory transduction, opening of CNCG channel causes?
Influx of Ca → depolarization of membrane potential
47
Big idea of transduction
Chemical signal transduced into electrical signal
48
During amplification, the elevated cytosolic [Ca] activates?
Cl- channel ANO2
49
During amplification, opening of ANO2 channel causes?
Further depol. of membrane potential (amplification of initial depol.)
50
During amplification, depol. of the membrane potential elicits?
APs via activation of VG Na and delayed-rectifier K channels
51
What is the goal of amplification?
Make depol. levels sufficient to initiate vesicular nt release
52
How is signaling termination initiated?
Elevated cytosolic [Ca] activated PDE
53
PDE stands for?
Phospho-diesterase
54
What does activated PDE do?
cAMP → AMP
55
Removal of cAMP from cytosol has what effect?
Closes cAMP-activated CNGC
56
How does alpha(olf)-subunit inactivate itself?
Hydrolyzes GTP to GDP
57
NCKX stands for?
Na/K/Ca exchanger
58
Function of NCKX
Remove Ca from cytosol to close ANO2 (Ca-activated Cl channel)
59
VMO in mice has __ layer(s)
2 layers
60
VMO in dogs and cows has __ layer(s)
1 layer
61
Pheromone receptors are what type?
G-protein coupled receptors
62
VSN express how many types of receptors?
Only 1
63
Many receptors in VMO are specialists/generalists
Specialists
64
What species has the best pheromone detection?
Mouse
65
How is pheromone transduction initiated?
Pheromone activates receptor which activates G(i2/o)-protein to release beta-gamma-subunit
66
During pheromone transduction, the beta-gamma-subunit activates?
PLC
67
PLC stands for?
Phospholipase C
68
Activated PLC generates?
Second messengers DAG and IP(3)
69
During pheromone transduction, DAG stimulates?
TRPC2
70
TRPC2 stands for?
Transient receptor potential C2 channel
71
What is TRPC2?
Non-selective cation channel which also conducts Ca
72
Opening of TRPC2 causes?
Influx of Ca and depol.
73
Function of 5-alpha-androstenone (boarmate)
Tests gilts for heat
74
Lee Boot effect
Changes estrus cycle in group-housed females
75
Whitten effect
Synchronization of estrus in group-housed females
76
Vandenbergh effect
Early first estrous cycle in pre-pubertal mice
77
Bruce effect
Interruption of pregnancy ypon exposure to urine from strange male
78
Alarm pheromone and kairomone effect
Freezing and cortisol release in mice
79
OSN and VSN send their axon to?
1 glomerulus in main olfactory bulb
80
Glomeruli receive input from?
1000 OSN or 100 VSN all expressing same receptor
81
In glomeruli, OSN synapse to?
Mitral and tufted cells
82
Vomeronasal organ connects to?
Limbic system for genetically pre-programmed responses
83
Main olfactory epithelium connects to/
Primary olfactory cortex for adaptive, experience-based responses and odor recognition
84
Odorants vs. pheromones Typical ligand arrival rate:
O: 20 million / s P: 2 /s
85
Odorants vs. pheromones Lifetime of ligand-receptor complex
O: brief P: long
86
Odorants vs. pheromones Typical ligand-receptor affinity
O: low P: brief
87
__ receptor type(s) per OSN and VSN Apparently this is important
Only 1! How important!
88
Odorants vs. pheromones Chance to activate G-protein
O: low P: high
89
Odorants vs. pheromones G-protein
O: G(olf) a(olf) subunit P: G(i2)/G(0) beta-gamma subunit
90
Odorants vs. pheromones Transduction
O: CNGC P: TRPC2
91
Odorants vs. pheromones Amplification channel
Both use ANO2
92
Odorants vs. pheromones First synapse
Both with mitral and tufted cells in glomeruli of OSN: main olfactory bulb VNS: accessory olfactory bulb

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