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SP15 Anatomy 3 > Olfactory & Visual Systems > Flashcards

Olfactory & Visual Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Human can detect about ___ different odorants.

A

10,000

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2
Q

The olfactory system is has a ___ (central/peripheral) origin.

A

peripheral

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3
Q

Where is the patch of olfactory epithelium located?

A

bilaterally, in the roof of the nasal cavity

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4
Q

The olfactory epithelium contains 3 million receptor cells. supporting cells, Bowman’s gland ducts, and sensory endings from CN ___.

A

V

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5
Q

The olfactory receptor is a small ___ neuron.

A

bipolar

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6
Q

The olfactory ___ ends in olfactory ___, from which 10-30 ___ spread over the surface in a layer of mucus secreted by ___ glands to stimulate chemosensitive cilia.

A

dendrite; vesicle; cilia; Bowman’s

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7
Q

T/F. Axons from olfactory receptors are among the thickest and fastest.

A

False, Axons from olfactory receptors, among thinnest and slowest.

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8
Q

The olfactory receptors collect into a series of bundles (only about 20) called ___ ___, pass thru holes in ___ plate of ethmoid bone and end in the ___ ___.

A

olfactory fila; cribiform; olfactory bulb

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9
Q

What makes up CN I?

A

Olfactory fila make up cranial nerve I

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10
Q

T/F. The Olfactory bulb develops as an outgrowth of diencephalon and reaches the contralateral hemisphere through the thalamus.

A

False, the olfactory bulb develops as an outgrowth of TELencephalon and reaches IPSILATERAL hemisphere with NO relay in thalamus.

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11
Q

The bulb also has interneurons made up of ___ cells (T) and ___ cells (G).

A

tufted; granule

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12
Q

T/F. Axons from the 100s of olfactory receptor neurons (go) that express a given odorant receptor converge on 1 or 2 glomeruli.

A

True

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13
Q

Mitral cells have axons that collect and join the olfactory tract but what does its dendrites form?

A

its dendrites form glomeruli.

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14
Q

T/F. Even though cells are intermingled in the olfactory epithelium, each type of olfactory receptor sends an axon to one glomerulus of a mitral cell.

A

True.

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15
Q

Axons from what cells are found in the olfactory tract?

A

axons of mitral and tufted cells

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16
Q

What is detected by collaterals to the anterior olfactory nucleus?

A

they regulate sensitivity of the olfactory bulb

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17
Q

T/F. The olfactory bulbs project to the olfactory cortex. Fibers project to both bulbs after crossing in the anterior commissure.

A

True.

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18
Q

Some fibers in tract end in olfactory ___ but most turn laterally and end in the ___ ___ ___, which is the main central projection for olfaction.

A

tubercle; lateral olfactory pathway

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19
Q

What are the two general areas that olfactory bulb projections end?

A

primary olfactory cortex and amygdala

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20
Q

What are the areas of the primary olfactory cortex that the olfactory bulb projections end in?

A

Cortex near lateral olfactory tract, a.k.a. piriform cortex
Cortex covering amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex
Small part of parahippocampal gyrus

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21
Q

What is another name for the cortex near the lateral olfactory tract where olfactory bulb projections end near?

A

piriform cortex

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22
Q

What two structures focus an image on the retina?

A

the cornea and lens

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23
Q

What does focus require?

A

the refraction of light

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24
Q

The lens accounts for about a ___ of the eye’s refractive power and plays a major role in adjusting ___ for near/ far objects.

A

third; focus

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25
Where does most refraction occur?
Most refraction is in air-water interface at corneal surface.
26
T/F. All waves bend when they pass from a medium that allows fast propagation to one that only allows slower propagation.
True.
27
What structure affects the brightness and quality of an image focused on the retina?
iris
28
How is pupil size controlled?
by 2 smooth muscles in the iris: | pupillary sphincter and pupillary dilator
29
Which smooth muscle encircles the pupil and is stronger?
pupillary sphincter
30
T/F. A smaller pupil worsens ocular performance.
False, A smaller pupil improves ocular performance
31
What smooth muscle is arranged in radiating spokes from the pupil?
pupillary dilator
32
Light is processed by photoreceptors (rods and cones) that are close to or far away from the optic nerve?
far away
33
Photoreceptors synapse first on ___ and ___ cells.
bipolar; horizontal
34
Bipolar cells terminate on ___ cells and ___ cells. Horizontal cells spread ___ and interconnect receptors of bipolar and horizontal cells.
ganglion; amacrine; laterally
35
T/F. Amacrine cells interconnect bipolar cells, ganglion cells and other amacrine cells.
True.
36
The structure of the retina contains neatly arranged layers with ___ nuclear layers and synapses occuring in the ___ interposed layers.
3; 2
37
Photoreceptors make up what segment of the retina, outer or inner?
outer
38
T/F. Rod contain pigments and cones contain rhodopsin.
False, Rods contain rhodopsin and cones have cone pigments.
39
What is the function of a rod? cone?
Rods responds to low-acuity; monochromatic vision in dim-light Cones responds to high-acuity, color vision and need a lot of light
40
Photons absorbed by the photoreceptors cause what type of potential?
receptor
41
What segment of the photoreceptor contain visual pigment?
outer segment
42
What segment of the photoreceptor contain mitochondria that synthesize pigment?
inner segment
43
Visual ___ synthesized and transported up the ___ ___ and incorporated into ___ membranes. Older disks at end are phagocytosed by ___ ___. Defects cause some types of retinal degeneration.
pigment; ciliary stalk; disk; pigment epithelium
44
What is the optic disk?
The area of the retina where nerve fiber layers converge and form the optic nerve
45
The optic disk contains no ___ and we have no awareness of a blank spot in our vision because the ___ fills in the space.
photoreceptors; brain
46
What structure is directly in line with the visual axis and at its center, a depression known as the fovea, contains elongated cones and no rods?
macula
47
What is the fovea specialized for?
vision of highest acuity
48
T/F. There are capillars and neurons located at the fovea.
False, there are no capillaries or neurons, they are all displaced to the side
49
Once optic nerve fibers enter the optic tract what is their path?
Most travel to lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamic relay for vision). Others go to superior colliculus, hypothalamus
50
What radiations have fibers representing the inferior visual fields?
the most superior radiations
51
The most inferior radiations represent which visual fields?
superior
52
Fibers from nasal half of retina cross ___ to the optic tract and fibers from temporal half of retina enter ___ optic tract. This way each optic tract “sees” the ___ visual field.
contralateral; ipsilateral; contralateral
53
What does the chiasm accomplish?
depth perception
54
What is the structure of the LGN?
It is a 6-layered, precise retinotopic arrangement with its pattern being the same in each layer so any given point in the visual field is represented as a column in all 6 layers.
55
T/F. Each layer of the LGN gets input from one eye.
True.
56
Layers ___, ___, & ___ receive information from the contralateral eye and layers ___, ___, & ___ get input from the ipsilateral eye.
1, 4, 6 | 2, 3, 5
57
What is the name of layers 1-2 of the LGN? 3-6?
``` Magnocellular layer (1-2) Parvocellular layers (3-6) ```
58
What is the function of the parvocellular layers of the LGN? Magnocellular?
Parvocellular layers - color and form | Magnocellular layers - movement and contrast
59
What was Dr. Tatsuji Inouye's contribution to the visual system?
he described the retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex
60
Where do optic radiations end retinotopically?
in occipital cortex above (inferior visual fields) and below (superior visual fields) the calcarine sulcus
61
Where is the macula and peripheral visual fields located in the occipital cortex?
Macula is represented most posteriorly, peripheral fields more anteriorly
62
What is the line of Gennari?
A thin stripe of myelin in primary visual cortex, aka striate cortex, that parallels thecalcarine sulcus and extends a bit onto posterior surface and is surrounded by 18, which is surrounded by 19, visual association or extrastriate cortex.
63
What ending do we use to denote a loss of one or more quadrants of visual field?
-anopia or - anopsia
64
Define hemianopia.
loss of half a visual field
65
Define quadrantanopia.
loss of one quarter of a visual field
66
T/F. The same visual field lost in each eye is known as homonymous and when two eyes have non-overlaping visual field loss it is known as heteronymous.
True.
67
The congruous heteronymous is ___ however the noncongruous is ___ but not the same.
identical; overlapping
68
Damage anterior to chiasm only affects ___ eye. Damage at chiasm causes ___ deficits. Damage to optic tract causes ___ deficits.
ispilateral; heteronymous; homonymous
69
Temporal lobe lesion can interrupt Meyer’s loop , which represents ___ retinal quadrants.
inferior
70
___ ___ artery infarction often results in deficit with sparing of macula.
Posterior cerebral
71
T/F. The posterior cerebral artery does not overlap with the middle cerebral artery distribution.
False, it does.
72
What are the other area that visual information projects to if it bypasses the LGN?
superior collicululs hypothalamus suprachiasmatic nucleus
73
What nucleus gets direct retinal input, is the master timer of circadian rhythm, and regulates daily body temperature changes, hormone secretions, eating and drinking?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
74
What area distrbutes info to specialized parts of extrastriate cortex, allows for simultaneous, parallel processing and accounts for the speed in access visual info even though our neurons are slow?
primary visual cortex
75
The ___ cortex has columnar organization.
striate
76
T/F. Columns in one cortical module analyze all aspects of visual information arriving from discrete areas of visual field. Modules in foveal part analyze small areas of visual field, so fova has many more modules and therefore better resolution.
True
77
The parvocellular layers of the LGN process ___ streams of visual information and the magnocellular layers process ___ streams.
ventral; dorsal
78
T/F. Selective defected in the intrastriate cortex can lead to strange visual deficits in distinguishing colors, motions and faces.
False, it is in the EXTRAstriate.

SP15 Anatomy 3 (10 decks)

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