OM E1

Question 0

Which type of immunity is quick to respond, will attack a broad range of invaders and has no memory?

Answer 0

Innate

Question 1

What type of immunity is slow to respond, has high specificity and has a memory?

Answer 1

Adaptive

Question 2

What is optimization?

Answer 2

The process of coating an antigen with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis. (puts sand on the slippery soap)

Question 3

What is immunogenic?

Answer 3

Induces an adaptive immune response

Question 4

What 3 organisms cause Meningitis in children under 2 years of age?

Answer 4

Strep. pneumonia
Nesseria Meningitus
Haemophilus Influenza

Question 5

Name 6 “Defense Molecules”?

Answer 5

1. Immunoglobulin (Antibodies)
2. Histocompatability Ag.
3. T-cell receptor
4. Cytokines
5. Fc Receptors
6. Cytokine Receptors

Question 6

Name 3 types of Exotoxins.

Answer 6

Super Antigen
Cytolytic
A-B Toxin

Question 7

What causes Hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 7

When the Adaptive Immunity over-responds to infection, consequently causes damage to the body

Question 8

What are the Domains of Life?

Answer 8

Prokaryote- Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryote

Question 9

What is a pathogen?

Answer 9

Organisms with unique capacity to colonize a host, overcome host immunity, replicate w/in host environment and/or cause damage to host tissue

Question 10

Name the 5 major infectious agents.

Answer 10

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Viruses
4. Prions
5. Eukaryotes (Hemalinths, Protozoa, Fungi)

Question 11

Name the major characteristics unique to Bacteria.

Answer 11

1. No inner organelles
2. 70s Ribosomes
3. Complex cell walls (Gram + thick, Gram - thin CW w/in 2 membranes, outer has LPS)
4. 1000 X smaller than human cells
5. Secrete enzymes to digest host sugar, proteins and Fe++

Question 12

What are some of the components of the Innate processes of Oral Immunity?

Answer 12

1. Saliva- H2O flush, dissolve food, buffers acids, Ab molecules, protective coating
2. Thick, continually recycling epithelium- though keratin layer w/ high lipid count, tight jct. and impermeable
3. Gingival jct. ep –> leaky Non-ker low lipid content, loose jct., allows plasma and inf. cells into mouth
4. Competitive normal flora

Question 13

How does saliva protect agains micro organisms?

Answer 13

1. Contains IgA
2. Non-specific anti-microbial agents, such as LYSOZYME
3. Dilutes and washes away Toxins and Acids prod. by microbes

Question 14

What is in Crevicular fluid?

Answer 14

1. Ab., Hemin, Complement (Low in saliva)

2. Cells: 90% PMNs, 10% Macrophages and Lymphocytes (HIGH IgG, low IgA)

Question 15

What are the defensive features of Saliva?

Answer 15

1. HIGH IgA, low IgG
2. Non-specific antimicrobial (Lysozyme, lactoferrin, peptides)
3. Buffers pH from acid produced by microbes
4. Dissolves/dislodges food particles

Question 16

What are some of the attributes of sIgA?

Answer 16

• Sticks to mucins on epithelium
• Resistance to proteases
• Can neutralize viruses/toxins
• Blocks colonization of microbes

Question 17

What is an aerobic bacteria, and give an example of one?

Answer 17

Uses respiration of glucose for energy.

NEISSERIA: Gm -, cocci

Question 18

What is an anaerobic bacteria, and give an example of one?

Answer 18

Cannot perform respiration of Glucose, fermentation only.

AGGREGATIBACTER actinomycetemcomitans

Question 19

What is a facultative bacteria and an example of one?

Answer 19

Can live in presence of O2, and can do respiration or fermentation of glucose.

STREPTOCOCCUS viridans, a-hemolytic (produce green color in blood agar), produce a lot of extra cellular matrix, tolerate low pH

Question 20

What is microaerophilic bacteria, and an example?

Answer 20

It can exist in only very low amounts of O2.

CAMPYLOBACTER rectus: Gm- Rod

Question 21

Name a Gm + cocci that is found in the Oral cavity

Answer 21

Strep. viradans

Question 22

These 2 Gm + cocci bacteria grow well at a low pH and produce a lot of lactic acid. (MAJOR cause of dental caries)

Answer 22

Strep. mutans

Strep. sobrinas

Question 23

These Gm + cocci is a pioneer species on teeth and is the Primary colonizer of tooth biofilm.

Answer 23

Step. mitis

Strep sanguinis

Question 24

What Gm + cocci, is a major source of bacteria in saliva?

Answer 24

Strep. salivarius

Question 25

This Gm + cocci, is facultative and an opportunist for infections and is commonly implicated in root canal failures and persistent infections.

Answer 25

Enterobacter faecalis

Question 26

This Gm- Rod, is found only in the mouth and is a major portion of the plaque flora. It is associated with gingivitis and root caries, produces extracellular matrix and tolerates a low pH

Answer 26

Actinomyces israelii

Question 27

Name one Aerobic and one Anaerobic Gm- Cocci in the oral cavity.

Answer 27

Neisseria (aerobic) Veillonella alcalescens (anerobic)

Question 28

Name the Gm - Rod that is known for its aggressive periodontitis in young adults

Answer 28

Aggregatibacter actino-mycetem-comitans

Question 29

Name asacchrolytic Gr - , very long thin rod that is associated with periodontitis and is a common organism that other bacteria like to bind to it

Answer 29

Fusobacterium nucleatum

Question 30

Name 3 other Gm - rods that are associated with periodontal disease and are asacchrolytic.

Answer 30

Bacteroides Tannerella forsythensis Porphyromonas gingivalis

Question 31

Name a Gm - rod that is Sacchrolytic and is associated with periodontitis.

Answer 31

Prevotella intermedia

Question 32

Name a Spirochete that is very anaerobic, Asacchrolytic and is found in gingivitis and periodontitis.

Answer 32

Treponema denticola

Question 33

What type of virus would be considered the hardiest?

Answer 33

Non-enveloped, because enveloped can dry out and lose their envelope making them inert. Non-enveloped will remain viable for a longer period of time outside of their environment.

Question 34

What are the 5 different outcomes of viral infections? | Give exp. of each

Answer 34

1. Abortive- Neutralized inside cell 2. Lytic- viral progeny release with lysis of host cell (Non-enveloped) 3. Chronic, non-lytic- Slow release of progeny w/o lysis of the host cell ( Enveloped) 4. Latent- virus genome incorporates into host DNA when dormant (Herpes) 5. Transformation- causes infected cell to proliferate uncontrollably. (HPV)

Question 35

What are the 2 types of viral transmission and and exp. of each?

Answer 35

Horizontal- Mom--> Dad | Vertical- Mom --> Fetus

Question 36

What are the 6 steps to the viral infectious cycle?

Answer 36

1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Replication 5. Assembly 6. Release

Question 37

The release of viral particles into the blood is termed?

Answer 37

Viremia

Question 38

What are the 8 Human Herpes Virus (HHV), where are they latent, and important diseases they cause?

Answer 38

1. HSV 1 --> Neuron --> Cold sores 2. HSV 2 --> Neuron --> Genital herpes 3. Varicella-Zoster --> Neuron --> Chickenpox/Shingles 4. Epstein-Barr --> B cells --> Burkitt's lymphoma 5. Cytomegalovirus -> Lymph/Mono --> Congenital infection 6. --> Mono/M0 --> Roseola infantum 7. --> T cells --> Roseola infantum 8. Kaposi's Sarcoma -> Lymphocyte--> Karposi's Sarcoma

Question 39

HSV 1 causes this disease commonly on the hands of dentists before gloves were used?

Answer 39

Witlow

Question 40

What are the 2 most common lesions cause by HSV-1?

Answer 40

Gingivostomatitis & Herpes labialis

Question 41

What is the primary and secondary infections of Varicella-Zoster called and what group do they typically manifest in?

Answer 41

1- Chickenpox (young children) | 2- Shingles (adults)

Question 42

This viral infection is often associated with immunosuppressed patients with Hairy Leukoplakia and Nasopharyngeal cancers.

Answer 42

HHV-4 or Epstein-Barr Virus

Question 43

This virus is the #1 cause of mental retardation in fetus'

Answer 43

HHV-5 (Cytomegalovirus)