Lecture 6 - Herpes

Question 1

T or F, Human Herpesviruses (HHV) 1-8 are a large group of fragile, non-enveloped viruses which remain latent in the individual throughout life

Answer 1

False, Enveloped viruses

Question 2

How is HHV spread?

Answer 2

Through mucosal-mucosal contact with the exception of Varicella/Zoster that is spread by respiratory droplet to lung mucosa

Question 3

HHV:

1. Enveloped or Non-enveloped
2. dsRNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, ssDNA
3. Site of assembly
4. Duration of infection
5. Relapses common or uncommon
6. Treatment

Answer 3

1. Enveloped (fragile)
2. Large dsDNA genome
3. Replicate and assemble in nucleus (unique)
   - Fully assembled before they reach cytoplasmic membrane
4. All infections life-long (latency)
5. Multiple relapses common
6. Antiviral therapies available (acyclovir)

Question 4

HHV-1 common name and prevalence percentage

Answer 4

Herpes simplex virus - 1

67% infected

Question 5

HHV-2 common name and prevalence precentage

Answer 5

Herpes simplex virus - 2

15%

Question 6

HHV-3 common name and prevalence percentage

Answer 6

Varicella-Zoster virus
<100%
- Respiratory droplets

Question 7

HHV-4 common name and prevalence percentage

Answer 7

Epstein-Barr Virus

75%

Question 8

HHV-5 common name and prevalence percentage

Answer 8

Cytomegalovirus

50%

Question 9

HHV-6 common name and prevalence percentage

Answer 9

No common name

100%

Question 10

HHV-7 common name and prevalence percentage

Answer 10

No common name

100%

Question 11

HHv-8 common name and prevalence percentage

Answer 11

Kaposi’s Sarcoma virus

10%

Question 12

What is the initial cell infected by HHV

Answer 12

mucosal epithelium

Question 13

How does the initial HHV infection spread?

Answer 13

Initial infection results in the release of many viral particles that spread via the blood (viremia) to other cells and organs

Question 14

Is there danger during pregnancy with HHV?

Answer 14

If pregnant the viremia stage can be of significant danger to the fetus on first exposure

Question 15

When does HHV acquire the envelope and spikes?

Answer 15

Before they reach the cytoplasmic outer membrane

Question 16

Recurrences of HHV are common for which? HSV-1 or VZV?

Answer 16

HSV-1 recurrences is more common

Question 17

What allows recurrences in HSV-1 and VZV to become more frequent?

Answer 17

Immune suppression… So stay heathy!

Question 18

What HHV is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the USA?

Answer 18

HSV-1

Question 19

What is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the USA and a common reason for corneal transplantation

Answer 19

HSV-1 keratitis

Question 20

Herpes genitalis infection increases the risk of acquiring HIV during sexual intercourse by how much…?

Answer 20

2 to 4 Fold

Question 21

Is there a vaccine for HSV-1 and 2?

Answer 21

No they are urgently needed

Question 22

What are the most common consequences of first and second lesions in HSV-1

Answer 22

Gingivostomatitis

Herpes Labialis

Question 23

Which HHV most often occurs via oral-oral contact as a child?

Answer 23

HSV-1

Question 24

T or F, For HSV-2, mucoepithelium is initially infected, while sensory ganglia are latently infected

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Varicella-Zoster causes two seemingly different pathologies?

Answer 25

Chickenpox in first infection | Shingles in second infection, reactiviation infections

Question 26

Is there a vaccine available for VZV

Answer 26

Yes came in 1996

Question 27

Where is the VZV latent?

Answer 27

In Ganglion

Question 28

What does the VZV virus infect?

Answer 28

infects Lung mucosal epithelium, followed by the local lymph nodes. It then enters the blood stream where it infects the skin epithelial cells (rash and papules appear).

Question 29

What systemic disease can someone who is immunosuppressed and contracts VZV?

Answer 29

Systemic disease - Pneumonia

Question 30

Treatment for immunosuppressed that gets VZV

Answer 30

Include anti-VZV antibody and the anti-viral acyclovir

Question 31

Epstein Barr Virus causes what two major diseases?

Answer 31

``` Infectious mononucleosis (most common) Burkitt's lymphoma ```

Question 32

Epstein Barr virus is usually spread via?

Answer 32

Saliva - few virus particles in saliva so it takes a lot of saliva exchange to become infected, Sometimes called "kissing disease"

Question 33

T or F, EBV was first human virus clearly related to a malignancy

Answer 33

True, Also associated with malaria

Question 34

EBV infections in immunosuppressed patients in the USA and the rest of the world are often associated with what?

Answer 34

Hairy leukoplakia | and sometimes nasopharyngeal cancers

Question 35

T or F, Cytomegalovirus when infecting small children, experience no symptoms or known pathologies

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Why is Cytomegalovirus dangerous to a pregnant mom

Answer 36

Because of lack of neutralizing Ab, she has a good chance of passing the virus to her fetus. CMV is the most important virus transmitted to a pregnant woman's fetus, with a significant number of these infected babies developing permanent disabilities.

Question 37

Is there a vaccine in CMV?

Answer 37

No, too many strains

Question 38

Does Acyclovir work on CMV?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What is the most common cause of intrauterine infections, and of congenital abnormalities in the USA?

Answer 39

CMV