Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

C82CHI 18/19 > On the Threshold of Psychology > Flashcards

On the Threshold of Psychology Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

When was David Hartley alive?

A

1705-1757

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did David Hartley orginally train to be?

A

A minister in the Anglican church and then a medic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did David Hartley deal with?

A

The biological implication of associationism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is associationism?

A

Ideas are interconnected, sequential and descriptive of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did David Hartley write and what did it discuss?

A

Observation on Man, his Frame, his Duty and his Expectations

Neurology, moral psychology and spirituality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mind to Hartley?

A

The brain and its operations - avoids substance duality of mental and physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Hartley’s neurophysiological theory about?

A

The transmission of ideas ad describes physical activity in terms of association
Based on extending Newtonian science into psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

According to Hartley, what do neurological processes give rise to?

A

Ideas, emotions, thoughts and actions - mind and body in concert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was Hartley the first to propose?

A

a physiological model of association as a model of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does Hartley suggest nerves work?

A

Nerves vibrate - change their frequencies or amplitudes and transmit cchanges to other nerves
Large number of associative connections - generates all complexities of actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was Alexander Bain alive?

A

1818-1903

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was Bain?

A

An associationist like Hartley but also supported psychophysical parallelism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is psychophysical parallelism?

A

Mental and bodily events occur together but with no direct cause-effect relation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bain is known for which books?

A

Senses and the Intellect

Emotions and the Will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Bain introduce into associationism?

A

Hedonism - pleasurable associations more likely to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who was influenced by Bain?

A

Pavlov and Thorndike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did Bain believe in common with Hartley?

A

Associations formed in the mind essentially caused by neurological changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Bain say was an important part of psychology?

A

Voluntary action - determines what an individual experiences and therefore learns
Dont just passively react to current environmental conditions (Smith, 1997)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did Bain believe research should focus on?

A

Conscious data and introspection (Smith, 1997)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did Bain believe in that other associationists didn’t?

A

Inherited dispositions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When was Darwin alive?

A

1809-1882

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Darwin say humans are?

A

Animals like all others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is natural selection?

Study These Flashcards
A

The process by which organisms change over time

Random, often minor variations are raw material of natural selection

24
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

Study These Flashcards
A

Variation - Differential reproduction - heredity

25
What is the goal of evolutionary processes?
Adaptation to the environment - only functional adaptations survive
26
What is comparative psychology?
If animals and humans are related then studying animals can tell us something about ourselves
27
What are indidvidual differences?
Examining variations between individuals and how they are selected will infrom us about the human mind
28
What were the consequences of evolution for the nervous system?
Nervous system could now be considerd in terms of older and newer parts of brain
29
How did evolution impact developmental psychology?
Studying children gives insight to early evolutionary development of the human mind Embryonic stages of an animal reflect evolutionary history of that animal
30
When was Ernst Weber alive?
1795-1878
31
What was Weber's profession?
Doctor and professor of anatomy at University of Liepzig
32
What was Weber's psychological law and what did it concern
∆R/R=K, where R is the stimulus intensity (R=Reiz) and K is a constant, ∆R is the just noticeable difference
33
What is Fechner considered the founder of?
Psychophysics - relationship between stimuli and sensations/perceptions they evoke
34
When was Gustav Fechner alive?
1801-1887
35
What did Fechner study?
``` The limen (Thresholds) of perception Absolute thresholds and JND ```
36
When was Hermann Von Helmholtz alive?
1821-1894
37
Whose ideas did Helmholtz oppose?
Kant - Helmholtz insisted that all knowledge came through the senses
38
What did Helmholtz's methods focus on?
Sensations
39
What idea did Helmholtz introduce?
The idea of unconscious processing of stimuli | Process is inductive and leads to generalisations between similar stimuli
40
How does the brain interpret ambiguous stimuli according to Helmholtz?
Based on previous findings and learned associations
41
When was Wilhelm Wundt alive?
1832-1920
42
What did Wundt establish in his book?
Established psychology as the experimental science of the mind in 'Principles of Physiological Psychology'
43
What did Wundt found?
The first experimental psychology lab
44
What was Wundt's psychology named and what was fundamental to it?
Voluntarism Attention and volition Need to study content of the mind
45
What ideas did Wundy introduce to psychology?
Objective measurement and control
46
How did Wundt separate psychology from philosophy?
By examining though processes in a more structured manner
47
When was Edward Titchener alive?
1867-1927
48
Who was Edward Titchener?
British student of Wundt, founded first psychology department in US at Cornell
49
What was Titchener's version of voluntarism?
Structuralism
50
What are the aims of structural psychology?
To describe consciousness in terms of its basic elements To describe how those elements combine together To explain how the nervous system is connected to consciousness
51
How was consciousness defined in structuralism?
Immediate experience
52
Which experimental method was used in structuralism?
Introspection (if conducted by well-trained scientists)
53
What did structuralism represent?
The emergence of psychology as a field separate to philosophy
54
What did structuralism lead to?
Development of other schoolds of thought such as functionalism, behaviourism and Gestalt psychology
55
What did Boring (1950) note about structural psychology?
Probably a negative force in development of psychology - lot of effort spent discrediting it
56
What were the problems of introsepction in structuralism?
When moving from describing sensations to higher procecsses of thought and reasoning - Imageless thought controversy

C82CHI 18/19 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions