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ACVIM Generals Revision MS > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

  • Transcription

- Translation

A 
Transcription = the formation of RNA from DNA
Translation = the formation of proteins from RNA
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2
Q

Molecular components of a DNA nucleotide?

A

(backbone) Deoxyribose + phosphoric acid bound to a base (pyrimidine/purine).

The base binds to the deoxyribose unit.

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3
Q

Which base is substituted for uracil in RNA?

A

Thymine

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4
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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5
Q

Define complete response (CR)

A

A complete resolution of the tumour and clinical signs f disease

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6
Q

Define partial response (PR)

A

Decrease in tumour volume >50% or diameter >30%

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7
Q

Define stable disease (SD)

A

Neither increase or decrease in tumour size or disease symptoms (+/- 20% diameter change)

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8
Q

Define progression free interval (PFI) vs. disease free interval (DFI)

A

PFI = the time in which there is no progressive growth of the tumour

DFI = the time in which the patient is free from disease recurrence.

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9
Q

What type of agent is lomustine?

A

Alkylating agent

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10
Q

What type of agent is cyclophosphamide?

A

Alkylating agent

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11
Q

What type of agent is chlorambucil?

A

alkylating agent

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12
Q

What type of agent is doxorubicin?

A

Anti-tumour antibiotic

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13
Q

What type of agent is vincristine?

A

Anti-microtubule agent

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14
Q

What type of agent is carboplatin?

A

Platinum compound that cross links DNA

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15
Q

Pre-treatment considerations for taxanes (e.g. paclitaxel0

A

These agents can cause marked hypersensitivity reactions so require pretreatment with anti-histamines and corticosteroids as well as a prolonged infusion. For this reason they are rarely used in veterinary medicine.

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16
Q

Unique side effect of vincristine in cats?

A

Paralytic ileus (it can cause peripheral neurotoxicity)

17
Q

Vesicant chemotherapy drugs and treatments

A 
Vincristine = HEAT and hyaluronidase, DMSO, flucinolone, flunixin
Doxorubicin = COLD and dexraxozane +/- DMSO

Meclorathamine = sodium thiosulfate
Actinomycin D = COLD

18
Q

Dose limiting toxicity of chlorambucil?

A

Myelosupression - this occurs after 2-3 weeks of therapy.

19
Q

Unusual neurological side effect of chlorambucil

A

Cerebellar toxicity

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamides bladder toxicity?

A

Acrolein is a metabolite of cyclophosphamide that is toxic to the bladder mucosa.

21
Q

Why should dacarbazine be avoided in cats?

A

It is not thought to be converted to enough of its active metabolite.

22
Q

Unique side effects of lomustine in cats and dogs?

A

Dogs: hepatotoxicity with chronic use
Cats: pulmonary fibrosis

23
Q

Specific GI side effect of doxorubicin

A

Colitis (often haemorrhage)

24
Q

Side effect of doxorubicin in cats?

A

Nephrotoxicity

25
Q

Side effect of rabacfosadine (tanovea)

A

Idiosyncratic pulmonary fibrosis

26
Q

Why is cisplatin contraindicated in cats?

A

It causes severe pulmonary vasculitis and oedema

27
Q

Weird side effects of hydroxyurea in cats and dogs

A 
Dogs = claw detachment
Cats = Methoglobinaemia
28
Q

MoA of hydroxyurea

A

It inhibits ribonucleotide reductase leading to a reduction in RNA pools available for new cell production. Therefore it is often used for myeloproliferative diseases and neoplasias.

29
Q

WHO staging of lymphoma in dogs

A 
I = local lymph node involvement only
II = regional lymphatic spread
III = more generalised lymphatic spread
IV = involvement of the liver and spleen
V = bone marrow involvement
a = without systemic signs
b = with systemic signs
30
Q

Staging of lymphoma in cats

A 
I = single extra nodal tumour or single anatomic area (nodal)
II = same side of the diaphragm or resectable GI tumour (can have LN involvement)
III = crossing of the diaphragm, paraspinal or epidural, or extensive/unresectable GI disease
IV = stage 1-3 with liver and spleen involvement
V = stages 1-4 with involvement of CNS or one marrow or both.
31
Q

How to differentiate thymic lymphoma vs. thymoma with flow cytometry.

A

Thymoma is more likely to be double positive for CD4 & CD8.

32
Q

Where does renal lymphoma tend to metastasise in cats?

A

CNS

33
Q

Where does GI lymphoma tend to metastasise to in cats?

A

Renal system.

34
Q

Most common neoplasia associated with pulmonary metastatic disease?

A

Mammary carcinoma.

35
Q

What is the other name for tignalol tigalate (Stelfonta)

A

EBC-46

ACVIM Generals Revision MS (32 decks)

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