oncology

Question 1

what are the stages of a tumor/cancer

Answer 1

stage 0-4

Question 2

what is stage 0 of a tumor

Answer 2

carcinoma in situ that is premalignant or preinvasive

Question 3

what is stage 1 cancer

Answer 3

early, localized cancer

Question 4

what is stage 2 cancer

Answer 4

increased risk of spread due to tumor size

Question 5

what is stage 3 cancer

Answer 5

local cancer has spread but may not have been disseminated to distant regions

Question 6

what is stage 4 cancer

Answer 6

cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

Question 7

what stage affects lymphnodes? what does that mean

Answer 7

stage 3
spread a lot easier

Question 8

most commonly diagnosed cancers

Answer 8

lung
breast
colorectal

Question 9

what is the most prevalent cancer in the world

Answer 9

breast cancer

Question 10

which cancer is the most deadly

Answer 10

lung cancer

Question 11

when did cancer diagnoses peak? what happened then?

Answer 11

1990 - significantly decreased each year

associated with decrease in smoking

Question 12

what cancers in men are most common

Answer 12

prostate
lung / bronchus
colon/rectum

Question 13

what are the most common cancers diagnosed in women

Answer 13

breast
lung/bronchus
colorectal

Question 14

which cancers show a more familial orign

Answer 14

breast / colon / ovarian

Question 15

what are the modifiable risk factors of cancer development

Answer 15

tobacco
diet/nutrition
alcohol
hormonal exposure
geographic location
stress

Question 16

what are the common anatomical means of spreading

Answer 16

invasion
metastasis

Question 17

what is invasion

Answer 17

as a tumor increases in size, it begins to encroach on the surrounding tissue and invade them

Question 18

what is metastasis

Answer 18

malignant tumors have the ability
cancer cells break away from the tumor and get trapped in the capillaries of the surrounding tissue/organ

can then travel through the body

Question 19

which system is metastasis more likely to occur in

Answer 19

venous > arterial
as well as lymph

not able to break through thicker arterial walls

Question 20

what are the most common sites of metastasis

Answer 20

lymph node
liver
lung
bone
brain

Question 21

when does metastasis typically occur

Answer 21

3-5 years after initial diagnosis and treatment of malignancy

Question 22

what anatomically makes lung cancer more likely

Answer 22

they are the first organ to filter malignant cells
more likely for them to get implanted in the lungs

Question 23

what is often the first symptom of lung cancer

Answer 23

dry persistent cough
pleural pain
SOB

Question 24

why is the liver a common site of metastasis

Answer 24

filters blood coming from GI tract
easy site for tumors of the stomach, colorectum and pancreass

Question 25

symptoms of liver cancer

Answer 25

abdominal pain general malaise right upper quadrant pain anorexia weight lose jaundice dark urine, light stool

Question 26

what are the two mechanisms of skeletal system metastases

Answer 26

osteolytic osteoblastic

Question 27

what is osteolytic metastasis

Answer 27

decreased bone density

Question 28

what is osteoblastic bone metastasis

Answer 28

dense scarring / increased bone density

Question 29

what type of cancer most commonly metastasizes to the brain

Answer 29

lung

Question 30

what CNS metastasis is more common

Answer 30

brain > spinal cord

Question 31

what is the most common related symptom? why is this important

Answer 31

fatigue it is one of the main determinants when forming a POC, scheduling the visits and other things involved with therapy

Question 32

what are some treatment options of cancer

Answer 32

surgery radiation therapy chemo biotherapy

Question 33

what is radiation therapy

Answer 33

destroying dividing cancer cells by destroying hydrogen bonds between DNA strands in cancer cells useful in the treatment of localized lesions

Question 34

what is chemotherapy? why is it use?

Answer 34

wide array of chemical agents to destroy cancer cells widespread or metastatic disease

Question 35

what is biotherapy

Answer 35

uses biologic response modifiers to change or modify the relationship between a tumor and host strengthens the host's biological response to tumor cells used against interferons bone marrow/stem cell transplants monoclonal antibodies

Question 36

what is the ABCD screening

Answer 36

asymmetry border color - dark/red color diameter - larger than pencil eraser

Question 37

cancer patients for PT

Answer 37

immunocompromised patients - important for us to use standard precautions pain control measures - minimizing side effects and pain being aware of fatigue management of it

Question 38

how may modalities be controversial

Answer 38

some of the things we use are to increase blood flow, but that could be bad -- increased metastasis

Question 39

how does exercise relate to cancer

Answer 39

can regulate production of hormones that would increase tumor growth may be hard to establish cardiovascular baseline due to inappropriate HR response and day-to-day basis to treatment ^^^ will be like a hypertensive response

Question 40

what is the guideline for exercise after chemo

Answer 40

wait 2 hours after chemo

Question 41

what are the precautions of exercise for those with cancer

Answer 41

< 12 RPE on 20 scale <60 min interval is best

Question 42

what are the winningham precautions to aerobic exercise in chemo patients

Answer 42

should not exercise if platelet count < 50k per ml hemoglobin <10 g/dl white blood cell cound <3000 absolute granuloctytes <500 ml