Oncology Part 1

Question 1

What are the two most prevalent cancers?

Answer 1

breast and prostate cancer

Question 2

What are the two most lethal cancers?

Answer 2

lung/bronchus and colon/rectum cancer

Question 3

neoplasm

Answer 3

a benign or malignant new growth

Question 4

tumor

Answer 4

a lump or swelling

Question 5

cancer

Answer 5

any malignant neoplasm

Question 6

hyperplasia

Answer 6

an increase in organ or tissue size due to an increase in the number of cells

Question 7

metaplasia

Answer 7

an adaptive, substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue

Question 8

dysplasia

Answer 8

an abnormal cellular proliferation in which there is a loss of normal architecture

Question 9

anaplasia

Answer 9

a loss of structural differentiation

Question 10

What is the main characteristic of malignant tumors?

Answer 10

invasion of surrounding tissue(s)

Question 11

carcinoma

Answer 11

malignant neoplasm of squamous epithelial cell origin

Question 12

adenocarcinoma

Answer 12

malignant neoplasm derived from glandular tissue

Question 13

sarcoma

Answer 13

malignant neoplasm with origin in mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives

Question 14

lymphoma/leukemia

Answer 14

malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic tissues

Question 15

melanoma

Answer 15

a type of cancer of pigment-producing cells in the skin or eye

Question 16

blastoma

Answer 16

malignant neoplasm in precursor cells

Question 17

teratoma

Answer 17

a germ cell neoplasm made of several different differentiated cell/tissue types

Question 18

How are lymphomas related to leukemias?

Answer 18

Lymphomas are a type of leukemia.

Question 19

stage 0 cancer

Answer 19

in situ carcinoma; no sign of local invasion

Question 20

stage I cancer

Answer 20

microscopic invasion of surrounding tissue

Question 21

stage II cancer

Answer 21

4-9 surrounding lymph nodes involved

Question 22

stage III cancer

Answer 22

≥10 surrounding lymph nodes involved

Question 23

stage IV cancer

Answer 23

distant metastases detected

Question 24

What is the general pathological staging of carcinomas based on?

Answer 24

-tumor size
-location
-number

Question 25

What type of tumor gets staged?

Answer 25

solid tumors

Question 26

Is there a direct correlation between staging and risk of mortality?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

TX

Answer 27

primary tumor cannot be evaluated

Question 28

T0

Answer 28

no evidence of primary tumor

Question 29

Tis

Answer 29

carcinoma in situ

Question 30

T1, T2, T3, T4

Answer 30

size and/or extent of invasion of primary tumor

Question 31

NX

Answer 31

regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated

Question 32

N0

Answer 32

no regional lymph node involvement

Question 33

N1, N2, N3

Answer 33

degree of regional lymph node involvement

Question 34

MX

Answer 34

distant metastasis cannot be evaluated

Question 35

M0

Answer 35

no distant metastasis

Question 36

M1

Answer 36

distant metastasis present

Question 37

in situ

Answer 37

abnormal cells are present only in layer of cells in which they developed

Question 38

localized

Answer 38

cancer is limited to organ in which it began without evidence of spread

Question 39

regional

Answer 39

cancer has spread beyond primary tumor site to nearby lymph nodes/tissues and organs

Question 40

distant

Answer 40

cancer has spread from primary tumor site to distant tissues/organs/lymph nodes

Question 41

GX

Answer 41

tumor grade cannot be assessed

Question 42

G1

Answer 42

well differentiated (low grade)

Question 43

G2

Answer 43

moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)

Question 44

G3

Answer 44

poorly differentiated (high grade)

Question 45

G4

Answer 45

undifferentiated (high grade)

Question 46

cancer characteristics

Answer 46

-uncontrolled cellular growth -tissue invasion -metastasis

Question 47

hallmarks of cancer

Answer 47

-sustaining proliferative signaling -avoiding immune destruction -enabling replicative immortality -activating invasion and metastasis -inducing or accessing vasculature -genome instability and mutation -resisting cell death

Question 48

oncogene

Answer 48

a gene capable of causing cancer

Question 49

proto-oncogene

Answer 49

any gene in a healthy cell capable of promoting tumor growth when mutated or overcopied

Question 50

olaparib drug class

Answer 50

PARP inhibitor

Question 51

olaparib indication

Answer 51

cancer with BRCA 1/2 mutation(s)

Question 52

olaparib mechanism of action

Answer 52

prevents PARP from uncoupling from DNA

Question 53

PARP inhibitors

Answer 53

-rucaparib -niraparib -talazoparib -veliparib

Question 54

G0 phase

Answer 54

cell cycle arrest

Question 55

G1 phase

Answer 55

cellular contents duplicated

Question 56

S phase

Answer 56

chromosomes are duplicated

Question 57

G2 phase

Answer 57

cell checks for errors and makes necessary repairs

Question 58

mitosis

Answer 58

cell division

Question 59

What drug classes target the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 59

-kinase inhibitors -hormone inhibitors

Question 60

What drug classes target the S phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 60

-antimetabolites -antifolates -topoisomerase I inhibitors

Question 61

What drug class targets the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 61

topoisomerase II inhibitors

Question 62

What drug class targets the M phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 62

microtubule inhibitors

Question 63

What drug classes are DNA damaging agents and non-cell cycle specific?

Answer 63

-alkylating agents -intercalators

Question 64

Which genes are tumor suppressors?

Answer 64

-p53 -p16 -Rbl

Question 65

Which gene is an oncogene?

Answer 65

Ras

Question 66

palbociclib drug class

Answer 66

CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor

Question 67

palbociclib indication

Answer 67

cancer with BRCA 1/2 mutation(s)

Question 68

What phase of the cell cycle is CDK4/6 a checkpoint for?

Answer 68

G1 phase

Question 69

What are altered drug metabolism mechanisms for drug resistance?

Answer 69

-increased transport of drugs out of cell through efflux pumps -reduced transport into cell -decreased activation of prodrug -increased detoxification of drug molecule

Question 70

What are changes in drug target or function for drug resistance?

Answer 70

-increased expression of drug target through gene amplification or expression -emergence of mutant structurally altered target -emergence of cells bearing alterations in genes whose products are functionally redundant with drug target

Question 71

What cancers are hormonal therapies used for?

Answer 71

-breast cancer -prostate cancer -endometrial cancer

Question 72

What is the most active estrogen?

Answer 72

estradiol

Question 73

Are well-differentiated tumors more likely to be ER- or ER+?

Answer 73

ER+

Question 74

What is the most active testosterone?

Answer 74

dihydrotestosterone

Question 75

What enzyme converts androgens to estrogens?

Answer 75

aromatase (CYP19)

Question 76

What type of breast cancer is most differentiated?

Answer 76

luminal A breast cancer

Question 77

What type of breast cancer is most undifferentiated?

Answer 77

claudin-low breast cancer

Question 78

Is tamoxifen a prodrug?

Answer 78

Yes