One Health Flashcards
What is One Health?
= the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines, working locally, nationally and globally to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants and our environment
Alveolar Echinoccoccosis life cycle and in humans
- dogs are difinitive (juvinile and adults) hosts. Contract disease by eating organs of sheep/rats and ingest cysts
- dogs shed eggs of worms which sheep and rats ingest (intemediate hosts)
- adults live in the small intestine
- lay eggs
- oncosphere hatches and penetrates intestinal wall
- hydatid cyst in liver, lungs and brain
- protoscolex from cyst
- scolex attatches to intestine
- humans consume food/water contaminated with eggs = get disease
- normally 0.5-1 out of every 100,000 affected
- high mortality in humans
- can use antiparasitics for adults in intestine but parasites excist within cyts so hard to get rid
- endemic
Echinococcosis Tibetan heardsmen - how reduce incidence
- antiparasitics
- hygine = wash hands after handling dogs/lifestock
- pasture management
~ pick up dog faeces
~ remove dead animals off pasture - rodent control
- dont feed diseased animals to dogs
- breed resistance in sheep/dog
- education
- muzle dogs
- worm dogs
- quarantine sheep
- keep dogs under control to revent ingestion of cyts
- faecal sample dogs
- post mortem check liver
Why Tibetan heardmen at particular risk for Echinococcosis
- constant deforestation
- overgrased liked to increase incidence = rats used to live in woodland now in contact with sheep and hard to implement pest control
- need to look beyond animal and disease life cycle, consider drivers for deforestation
- men more likely to get and older/immunocompromisd increase risk
One health - drivers of disease (re)emergance - technical
- when disease invade new area. limited change in pathogen characteristics (globalisation, land usage, climate change)
- disease emergance facilitated by intensive agriculture (stocking density, geographic clustering of industrial production plants provide fertile ground for aggressive hosts)
- interspecies jump of pathogens (interaction with wildlife, human/lifestock eroachment of forests, expansion of cities)
One health - drivers of disease (re)emergance - social
- stakeholders differ in their priorities and concerns of
~ food safety
~ health
~ security and well being - e.g. poorer developing countries concerned with existing disease burdans rather than pandemic risk
One health - drivers of disease (re)emergance - institutional
- broadening health management and disease-resiliant landscapes goes beyond the scope of medical and veterinary sciences
- major shift required in fostering alliances, partnerships and communication schemes
Avian influenza - current/latest situation 2021
- confirmed case of H5N1 confirmed at premises in lancashire = HPAI H5N1 (highly pathogenic)
Hosts of avian influenza
- shorebirds carry virus
- domestic birds intermediate hosts and easily infected via conttact with nasal or faecal material. also contact with other domestic animls favours spread
- waterfoul infected by shared water sources
- mamals are intermediate hosts (hogs also infected with human flu which can lead to mutated human compatable viruses
- humans rarely infected by unaltered strains of avian flu virus, mutated virus could spread human to human
Avian influenza HPAI H5N1
- spread from P.R of China in 2003 to asia to europe and to africa
- birth of implementation of one health
- global response to AI launched 2006 (OH at core)
- collaboration between EU, USA and UN
- 2008 - FAO published framework for reducing risks of infectious diseases developed by FAO, OIE, WHO, UNICEF, World Bank and the UN
GLEWS
= Global Early Warning System
- launched 2006
- disease inteligence
- combine strengths of FAO/OIE/WHO to improve disease intelligence at global level and supports respective response activities
- warning system brings together human and veterinary public health systems
~ to share zoonotic disease outbreak information
~ share epidemiological and risk analysis
~ deliver early warning messages on areas at risk
- combines offical reporting data, rumour tracking, trends analysis, forecasting and tracking movement of people and goods
EMPRES-i
= Emergancy Prevention System
- FAO global animal disease information system
- web-based application to support GLEWS, veterinary services and international animal health community
- global disease info exchange and risk analyses on emergant TDAs and other diseass
- mobile and desktop data entry, management and analysis tools for disease tracking, early warning and risk analysis activities at reginal and global level
- used by FAO epidemiologists, risk modeling experts and other disease info systems (e.g. health map)
How does FCC-EMPRES address transboundery threats
- monitor threats, track/report events, risk analysis, early detection/warning and timely response
- forming technical networks (epidemiology, socio-economics, survalence)
- enhancing capabilities of laboratories and specialised units within ministries
- strengthening preparedness through simulation exercises and contingency plans
- developing new toolsand enviro sound control technologies
- improve risk/impact analysis by partering with international organisations, research institutions and national authorities
- ensuring communicatin with all stakeholders
Emergancy Management Centre - Aniamal health
- lanched by FAO and OIE in 2006
- aims to reduce impact of global health emergancies
- emergancy preparedness mission
~ supports countries reginal/international emergancy preparedness
~ provides platform, tools, support, and coordination to enchance preparedness
~ Prepare, Prevent, Detect, Respond, Recover - emergancy response mission
~ incidence coordination, resource mobilisation, collaboration - no country less likely to get help than another (e.g. due to funds)
- majority missions are preparedness rather than response or incidence coordination and in africa and asia
How GLEWS, EMPRES and EMC coincide
- EMPRES = put data into GLEWS
- GLEWS = provides EMC with up-to-date, wide ranging data on global situation
- Through GLEWS data provided by EMPRES, EMC reviews evolving disease threats worldwide
- With experts at FAO HQ, EMC anticipate when services may be required
