Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Final revision (adhock > Online teaching sesh > Flashcards

Online teaching sesh Flashcards

(131 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are anti-GAP and anti-LA2 antibodies for?

A

T1DM - against islet of langherhans cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is De’quevians thyroiditis?

A

Hyper -> hypo -> eurothyriod

Usually following viral infection in women.

Tx: symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the pathology for RAPD and MLD?

A

optic nerve - current or previous optic neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the pupil (eye)?

A

Pupil dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does a CN 3 palsy do to the pupil?

A

Pupil dilation - loss of parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DD for horners syndrome?

A

Pancoast tumour
Carotid pathology - aneurism/ dissection
Other neck mass effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ptosis + eye movement difficulties, MLD?

A

Thyroid eye disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Failure of inferior eye movement when looking nasal/ medial. MLD?

A

CN4 palsy - superior oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CN6 palsy in elderly MLD?

A

Microvascular or DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CN6 palsy in a young person MLD?

A

tumour, cavernous sinus carotid aneurysm

NEEDS Investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DD for loss of vision along the optic tract?

A
  • Demyelinating
  • SOL
  • Stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MLD of lesion for homonyous hemianopia with macular sparing?

A

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MLD of lesion for macular loss of vision?

A

Occicipital lobe in the MCA area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DD tunnel vision?

A

retinitis pigments
Laser 2nd to DM
Advanced glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DD altitudinal defect?

A

Inferior or superior loss of vision in one eye. Superior Retina or optic nerve defect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DD for enlarged blind spot?

A

Central vision

Optic disc - e.g. swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stages of DM retinopathy?

A

Background
Pre-profilerative
Proliferative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

features of DM background retinopathy ?

A

dot/ blot haemorrhages

micro-aneurysms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Features of DM pre-proliferative retinopathy?

A

dot/ blot haemorrhages
cotton wool
venous beading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Features of DM proliferative retinopathy?

A

Previous blot haemorrhages, cotton will and venous beading + Proliferation of vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are differences between drusen and exudates

A

blood vessels go over drusen. exudates at same level of vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy features?

A

AV - nipping
Copper wiring
focal arterial attenuation

Eventually - haemorrhages + cotton wool + disc swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

features of dry AMD?

A

drusen
pigment
macular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

haemorrhages + drusen?

A

wet AMD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
retinal haemorrhages + drusen?
wet AMD
26
How is a skin lesion described?
``` site distribution colour shape border ```
27
what a flat lesion <1cm?
macule
28
what a flat lesion >1cm?
patch
29
Name build filled skin lesions?
vesicles bulla pustule
30
How is seborrheric keratosis mx?
Leave alone unless symptomatic
31
How is a melanoma assessed?
``` Asymetric Border Colours Diameter (6mm) Evolving ```
32
underlying pathology of keratinic wart?
SSC, actinic keratosis or viral wart Regardless needs excision
33
What is interigo?
Rash red erythematous. Like nappy rash | Often found in lecture under breast.
34
Name the drug from the steroid ladder?
dermovate, elocan, eumvate and 1% hydrocortisone
35
Hair loss in discrete annular patch?
alopecia acreata Often triggered by stress event
36
What advice should be given about benzyl peroxide?
Dries skin Can bleach towels
37
Gross motor developmental milestones?
``` 3m - head control 6m - sitting (refer at 9m) 9m - crawling 10m - cruising 12m - walking (refer at 18m) 2y - run 3y - tricycle 4y - stairs ```
38
Vision and fine motor milestones?
``` 3m - fix and follow 6m -palmer grip 7m - transfer between hands 12m - pincer 12m - two brick building 18m - scribble 2y - draw straight lines ```
39
Speech and language milestones?
6m - turns to sound 12m - turns to name 3m - cooing 6m - babble 12 - mama/dada 2y - 2 word phrases commands...
40
Social milestones?
6w - smile 3m - laugh 9m - stranger anxiety 12m - beek-a-boo 6m - solid foods 9m - feed self
41
What is a global developmental delay?
Delay in 2 or more domains
42
Causes of global developmental delay?
prenatal - hypothyroid, chromosomes Perinatal - haemorrhage and metabolic disorders Post natal - ???
43
Systematic review for paediatric history
BFGD Birth history Feeding Growth chart Development
44
When to start anti-BP treatment?
160/100 or 140/90 + QRISK>20%/ end organ damage/ DM
45
what investigation for sepsis + loin pain?
USS to exclude pylonephritis
46
Which renal stones are radiolucent?
Uric acid stones
47
What are stag horn calculi renal stones made of?
Stiruvate (magnesium-ammonia-phosphate)
48
What is the most common type of renal stone?
Calcium oxalate
49
Risk factors for renal stone?
``` dehydration diuretics horseshoe kidneys Low Ca/ citrate/ Mg Metabolic disorders Malabsortion syndrome - Crohns, illeostomy etc. ```
50
How is a renal stone managed?
< 5mm - hydrate + tamulsoin (expulsion) 5-10mm - Extra-copuscal shock wave therapy 10-20mm - Uteroscopy >20mm - Percutaneous nephroscopy
51
Where are the 3 most common places for a renal stones to become trapped?
Pelvic steric junctions Middle ureter - at internal iliac Vesicle-ureteric junction
52
Female with recurrent UTI, most likely renal stone?
Struvite stone
53
What is an important DD to exclude in renal colic pain?
AAA
54
What investigation for kidney stones?
Non contrast KUB
55
Analgesia for renal pain?
rectal diclofenac
56
How is a person with renal stones managed when septic?
SEPSIS 6 | + JJ stent
57
Gillick competence criteria?
``` Understand advice Will not tell guardian Will start intercourse Risk to health if no contraceptive Best interest ```
58
Symptoms of serotonin syndrome?
Triad of altered mental status, neuromuscular excitability and autonomic dysfunction HARM - hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, rigidity, myoclonus
59
When should someone who’s been started on an ssri be seen?
1 week if young ,otherwise 2 weeks
60
SE of TCA
``` Tremor Blurred vision Seizures Sedating Metabolic acidosis ```
61
ECG changes in TCA
Prolonged QRS
62
How to treat a TCA overdose?
Treat with IV bicarbonate.
63
What is a Lithium tremor like?
Fine is normal | Course is toxicity
64
What’s the SE of lithium?
``` Normal: Polyuria Fine tremor Metallic taste Lethargic ``` ``` Abnormal: Diabetes insipidus Course tremor Thyroids Kidney dysfunction ```
65
How to treat lithium toxicity?
Fluids Stop lithium Ultimate is dialysis
66
When is lithium levels measured?
12 hours after last dose | Initially weekly then every 3 months
67
Acronym for lithium toxicity
LITHUIM ``` Lethargic Insides - GI nausea Tremor - fine Hypothyroidism Insipidus Urine Metallic taste ```
68
What is characteristic SE of olanzapine?
Weight gain and diabetes mellitus
69
What SE are more typical of atypical antipsychotics?
Metabolic syndromes due to histamine HTN, DM and obesity
70
Anticholinergic SE?
Dry mouth and eyes Constipation Urinary retention
71
Anti-histamine SE?
Weight gain | Sedation
72
Anti-Adrenergic SE?
Hypotension No ejaculation Sedation
73
What are the extra pyramidal SE of anti-psychotics?
ADAPT Quite Dystonja Akanthisia Pseudo- Parkinson’s Tardative dyskinesia
74
How are extra-pyramidal SE treated?
Procycladine except stopping anti-psychotic are the only treatment for tardative dyskinesia
75
What to watch out for a with a Patient on antipsychotic who has muscle rigidity, Pyrexia and raised early warning score?
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Do CK (which will be raised).
76
When does seratonine syndrome occur?
When switching anti-depressants
77
SE of Clozapine?
Agranulocytosis Constipation(paralytic ileus)- largest cause of death Myocarditis Of course there are many more!
78
What is monitored with clozapine?
National monitoring register - ECG - OBs - FBC
79
What medications interact with anti-psychotics?
Dopamine -L-Dopa, metaclopramide | CYP-450 - anti-epileptics, some abx
80
What’s needs monitoring in anti-psychotics?
FBC, UE LFT TFT prolactin HbA1C lipids ECG BMI
81
Patient on psychotic is given haloperidol for sedation on top of an anti-psychotic. What medication is important to have to reverse extra-pyramidal side effects?
Procyclidine
82
Red flags for ENT
B symptoms - fever, weight loss Dysphasia Hoarse voice
83
Risk factors for head and neck malignancy?
Betel but use Age Smoking EBV/HPV
84
Back of neck lump,MLD?
Lipoma
85
Did for midline lumps?
Thyroid isthmus - moved with swallowing Thyroglossal cyst - moves with tongue pertrusion Dermoid cyst - doesn’t move
86
Did for anterior triangle lumps?
``` Branchial cyst - congenital Carotid body tumour - pulsatile Thyroid nodules - LFTs Larngocele - hoarseness, inflates and deflates Lymph nodes ```
87
Did for posterior triangle?
Cystic hydro a - transilluminates Vrichows nodes - GI malignancy Cervicle rib - thoracic outlet syndrome
88
What are is more serious with epistaxis?
Posterior - get help quick
89
Management of epistaxis?
- compress for 15mins - Lidocaine + epinephrine - silver nitrate if bleeding point seen - pack - ENT help - packing/ catheter
90
Common symptoms of eyes?
``` DISC Discharge Itchiness Stickiness Crying ``` Also pain, VA, photophobia PMH DH
91
Mix of AACG?
Oromorph Odensatron IV acetazolamide Pilocarpine drops
92
How to differentiate between scleritis and episcleritis?
Epi is largely benign - mild to no dyscomfort. Scleritis - deep dull ache, pain on movement, associated with rheumatological conditions, needs ophthalmology referral. Phenylephrin - blanches episcleritis after 15 mins
93
Painful, Red eye, meiosis. Pain worse with accommodation (due to constritiction). MLD?
Anterior uveitis HLA-B27 subtype. Can have hyproprion. Ophthalmology referral + steroids
94
Blood in anterior chamber of eye?
Hyphema - serious because high risk of increased intraocular pressure.
95
What is the difference between orbital and Peri-orbital cellulitis?
Orbital cellulitis has pain on eye movement and more commonly has visual changes. To CT head and IV abx
96
Acronym for SLE signs?
``` RANCHES: Renal Autoimune Neurological Cutaneous HEamtological Synovial/ Serous ```
97
What should be given to treat alcoholic ketoacidosis?
Thiamine (vit B1) Saline Thiamine helps glucose to produce ATP thereby there is no need for glucose first
98
Red flags for nasal pathology?
unilateral pain discharge or bleeding
99
Red flags for buccal pathology?
> 3 weeks recurrent bleeding Unexplained lesion in mouth for 6 weeks RF >40, drinkers, smokers, betal nut chewers
100
What acute medication can be used for stridor?
Dexamethasone 8mg
101
Mx of balls palsy?
Prednisolone if PC <72 hours eye lubrication tap eye shut
102
Mx of unilateral tinnitus in adult?
2ww for MRI
103
Best imagine modality for cholesteotoma?
CT temporal bone - want to see injury of bone
104
Red flags for neck pathology?
cervical lymphadenopathy > 3 weeks
105
Pathology in the posterior triangle of the neck
cystic hygroma pharyngeal pouch cervical ribs
106
Dx of Orthostatic hypotension on lying standing blood pressure?
Drop in 20 systolic or 10 diastolic
107
DD for a fall?
``` Vertigo Syncope Unsteady Psychogenic Delirium 2nd to... Seizure AS ```
108
What is FRAX?
10 year RF for hip fracture
109
who should have a FRAX?
50 + hx of falls Female + >65yo Male + >75yo
110
How long is a biphosphonates taken for?
3-5 years then holiday
111
Dx under Parkinson's disease?
Vascular
112
Features of vascular PD?
predominant Low limb | step wise progression
113
Features of multi system atrophy?
Autonomic dysfunction + PD
114
What is humming bird sign?
Reduced in mid brain volume --> think supranuclear palsy
115
DD for tremor?
``` PD Drugs - valproate, b-blockers, Li Hyperthyroidism Cerebellar pathology Physiological Essential ```
116
DVLA for parkinsons?
Must inform the DVLA
117
name a medication common used in prescription station for PD?
Co-benaldopa
118
What to council for with levodopa? SE etc.
Table to top up levels in the brain... N&V Low BP changes in mood and impulse DONT STOP SUPPENDLY DVLA
119
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome features?
tacky, hypo muscle rigidity Hyperthermia Increased CK Treat temp and fluids
120
Non motor symptoms of PD?
REM sleep disorder constipation depression
121
Bloods for confusion?
``` FBC CRP UE LFT Calcium TFT B12 BMs ```
122
Management for setting delirium
Diffuse situation 1st Haloperidol (0.5mg PO) 2nd Olanzapine
123
Total anterior stroke criteria (3)
weakness homonymous hemianopia higher dysfunction - dysphasia etc.
124
Examination for stroke?
A to E
125
What is rosier score used for?
Differentiating stroke mimic and stroke
126
Ischaemic stroke mx?
thrombolysis in 4.5 hours Or 300mg aspirin + clopidogrel 75mg. SALT Follow up
127
What is ABCD2 score used for?
Stroke risk after TIA
128
DD for stroke?
``` syncope atypical seizure migraine temporal arteritis HYPOGLYCAEMIA retinal detachment or heamorrohage labrinth disorders ```
129
Why is aspirin not given straight away for stroke?
Haemorrhage stroke needs to be excluded
130
DVLA rules for stroke?
Not for 1 month | HGVs for 1 year
131
TIA diagnosis changes since my 4th year?
Evidence of radiographic tissue damage rather than time

Final revision (adhock (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions