oo Flashcards by Kristina Orat

Multicellular organisms consist of different types of cells. These cells are similar in structure and function and are arranged in groups or layers

tissues

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They are composed of cells which form a continuous layer of sheet covering the body surface or lining cavities within the body. They are compactly placed, bonded together by the intercellular cement for strength and often supported below by a basement membrane.

epithelial tissues

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Function: protection, absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion, surface transport

epithelial tissues

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Examples: stratum corneum of skin, lining of the digestive tract, lining of kidney tubules, lining of windpipe andlungs

epithelial tissues

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is a thin flattened cell resembling the tiles in a floor or scalelike

squamous

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e.g. stratum corneum of skin, inner surface of blood vessels

squamous

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e.g. kidney tubules, salivary glands, thyroid glands

cuboidal

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the height of the cell body greatly exceeds the width resembling pillars

columnar

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e.g. inner surface of thetympanic membrane of the ear, lining of blood vessels, Bowman’s capsule

simple

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cells are arranged in two or more distinct layers of varied cell shape that is, the superficial layer is of large umbrella shaped cells, its middle layer is composed of several layers of polygonal cells and the basal layer is composed of low columnar cells or small polyhedral cells. e.g. urinary bladder

trabsitional

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e.g.epidermis, mouth, epiglottis, female urethra

stratified

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e.g. male urethra, excretory ducts

pseudostratified

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lining the vascular organs

endothelium

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serous membrane lining the large intestine; closed cavities such as pleura of the lungs, pericardium of the heart, and the peritoneum of the coelum

mesothelium

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E.g. linings of ducts, thyroid gland, the kidney tubules such as the uriniferous tubules

simple cuboidal

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tunica mucosa –it is the innermost lining of the alimentary canal or digestive tract from the stomach to the anal region

simple clumnar

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E.g. lining of nose and mouth cavities, lining of vagina, stratum corneum of the vertebrate skin, outer portion of the cornea of the eye

stratified squamous

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E.g. stratum germinativum of the skin, innermost layer of the epiglottis, part of the urethra, folds of the conjunctiva

stratified columnar

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E.g. epidermis of many tailed amphibians

stratified cuboildal

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are tissues that serve various binding and supportive functions
are composed of relatively few cells, ground substance or matrix and extracellular fibers.

connective and supportive tissues

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occur singly or in branching bundles; they yield gelatin after boiling and are easily digested by gastric juices.

whiteor collagenous fibers

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are refractile and bigger than collagenous fibers; they occur singly or in sheets, they are made up of elastin and can be stretched easily. They are capable of returning to its original length when stretching force is released.

elastic fibers

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resemble white or collagenous fibers and yields reticulin on boiling.

reticular fibers

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This represents a stage in development of connective tissues. It consists of cells and a primitive intercellular ground substance. When the ground substance is rich with mucin, it is called mucusconnective tissue

embryonic tissue

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has strong flexible fibers of the collagen protein interwoven with fine, elastic and reticular fibers providing the tissue its elastic consistency and making it an excellent binding tissue. (e.g. binding skin to underlying muscle tissue)

loose connective tissue

is a type of loose connective tissue that consists of large cells that store lipid. Most often, the cell accumulates in large numbers to form what is commonly called fat.

adipose tissue

has more fibers than cells. Collagen fibers are densely packed, woven into thicker network.

fibrous connective tissue

is a bundle of parallel white fibers surrounded by a sheath of the same material with inward projection of the sheath that forms septa or partitions.Function: connects muscles to bones

tendon

is a bundle of parallel white fibers surrounded by a sheath of the same material with inward projection of the sheath that forms septa or partitions.Function: connects muscles to bones

ligament

is a thin sheet-like tendon or flattened tendons Function: connects muscles to muscles

aponeurosis

fluid portion, the noncellular component of the blood.

plasma

acts as oxygen and carbon dioxide carrier

erythrocytes or rbc

nucleated, elliptical or oval, larger

frogs rbc

non-nucleated, biconcave discs, smaller; produced by the red bone marrow. Normal concentration: 5.4 million per cc. in males; 4.7 million per cc. in females

human rbc

have segmented nuclei with 2 –5 lobes, cytoplasm with, fine uniform lilac granules; constitutes 65-75% of the total leucocyte count

neutrophil

nucleated with 2 –3 lobes or segments, cytoplasm with large, reddish granules

eosinophil

kidney shaped nucleus; the cytoplasm have large violet granules; about 0.5 –1% of the entire WBC count.

basophil

spherical cells with large indented nucleus with thin layer of cytoplasm; about 20 –25% of WBC count

lymphocytes

the biggest WBC with frosted, glassy appearance; has a small deeply constricted nucleus; about 2 –6% of the total WBC count

monocytes

develops from mesenchyme. Intercellular substance called matrix or chondrin is solid and abundant but pliable Fibers maybe collagenous or elastic and they do not have blood vessels and nerve supply.

cartilage

is glasslike with homogenous matrix. It is found in the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, costal cartilages of ribs and on the joint surfaces of bones

hyaline

issimilar to hyaline but contain yellow elastic fibers; found in the external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage.

elastic

is composed largely of fibers forming bundles. They are the most resistant type and are found in pads between vertebrae, pubic symphysis, interarticular cartilage of lower jaw, clavicle and knee.

fibrocartilage

ishard specialized tissue with calcified collagenous matrix. Bone cells are called osteocytes lodged in lacunae. Canalicular system connects lacunae to each other.

osseos or bone tissue

collagen with mineral deposits, tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate called

hydroxyapatite

is the outer covering of the bone.

periosteom

is a channel in which blood vessels and nerves are lodged.

haversian canal

is the concentric ring upon which the bone is secreted. Cells are embedded and minerals are deposited here.

lamellae

are fine radiating canals that connect one bone cell to another.

canaliculi

Movement of most animals results from the contraction of elongate, cylindrical or spindle-shaped cells. Cells are bounded by sarcolemma. The property of contractility is highly developed in myofibrils which are capable of contraction in one direction only.

muscular or contractile tissue

contains contractile fibers called which run parallel to the long axis of the cell which is called fiber

myofibril

is the unit of structure and function of muscle tissues.

sarcomere

develops from mesenchymal cells of mesoderm; spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends or fusiform fibers in cross section, cylindrical or slightly flattened; nucleus centrally located, sarcolemma is very thin, and indistinct; fibrils are scattered singly and non-striated; occurs in sheets and responds to stimulus.

smooth viceral

develops from solid masses of mesoderm; multi-nucleated; fibers are long and thick with alternating dark and light bands; sarcolemma is thickest; nuclei are peripheral; myofibrils are thick and are called sarcostyles. Dark band or A band is anisotropic to light while light band or I band is isotropic to light.

skeletal or striated

develops from mesoderm, fibers are branched and anastomose to form syncytium, myofibrils are striated, sarcolemma is thin. Nucleus is centrally located and is involuntarily in function.

cardiac

This is the fundamental tissue that integrates the functions of various organs of the body. Properties of irritability and conductivity are highly developed; it arises from the ectoderm.

nervous or conductile tissue

are the units of structure and function, having a cell body and neurites or processes such as the axon and dendrite.

neurons

–pale due to scanty chromatin but with a prominent darkly stained nucleolus

nucleus

posses Niesl bodies which are actually the rough ergastoplasmicmembrane. Also embedded are cytoskeletal elements called neurofibrils.

cytoplasm

carries impulses away from the cell body

axon

transmits stimuli towards the cell body

dendrite

only one axon is present.

unipolar

only one process arises from the cell body but this bifurcates, so that one becomes the axon and the other the dendrite.

pseudopolar

has one axon and one dendrite.

bipolar

has one axon and several dendrites.

multipolar

carries impulses from the environment to the CNS.

sensory

carries impulses from CNS to effectors.

motor

connects sensory to motor neurons

Association, Connectoror Interneurons

is the outer cellular sheath; the nerve fiber is called non-myelindated, it facilitates conduction of nerve impulses and for regeneration of nerve fiber in case of injury.

neurelimma

composed of non-cellular fatty sheath or lipid coating, giving a white appearance to the nerve; the nerve fiber is termed myelinated.

myelin sheath