Open questions

Question 1

What are the types of Hiatal Hernias?

Answer 1

1. Type I (Sliding): GE junction and stomach slide into thorax.
   2. Type II (Paraesophageal): Stomach herniates, GE junction stays in place.
   3. Type III (Mixed): Both GE junction and stomach herniate.
   4. Type IV: Stomach + other abdominal organs herniate into chest.

Question 2

What are the complications of Zenker’s Diverticulum?

Answer 2

1. Aspiration pneumonia
2. Regurgitation of undigested food
3. Halitosis (bad breath)
4. Dysphagia
5. Ulceration and bleeding
6. Rarely, carcinoma

Question 3

What is the classic triad of symptoms in Achalasia?

Answer 3

1. Dysphagia to both solids and liquids
2. Regurgitation of undigested food
3. Chest pain (retrosternal discomfort)

Question 4

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 4

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles due to antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 5

What are the stages of Pleural Empyema?

Answer 5

1. Stage 1 (Exudative): Thin fluid collection with low cellular content.
2. Stage 2 (Fibrinopurulent): Formation of fibrinous septations, thicker pus.
3. Stage 3 (Organizing): Formation of a fibrous peel encasing the lung (fibrothorax).

Question 6

What is the most common cause of Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

Answer 6

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common cause.

Question 7

What are the six life-threatening thoracic trauma injuries?

Answer 7

1. Airway obstruction
2. Tension pneumothorax
3. Open pneumothorax
4. Massive hemothorax
5. Flail chest
6. Cardiac tamponade

Question 8

What is Beck’s Triad in Cardiac Tamponade?

Answer 8

1. Hypotension
2. Muffled heart sounds
3. Jugular venous distension (JVD)

Question 9

What is Bronchiectasis?

Answer 9

Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition characterized by permanent dilatation and destruction of the bronchial walls, resulting in chronic infection and inflammation of the airways.

Question 10

What is the clinical presentation of Superior Sulcus Tumors (Pancoast Tumors)?

Answer 10

1. Shoulder pain (due to brachial plexus involvement)
2. Horner’s syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis)
3. Atrophy of hand muscles
4. Weakness or numbness of the upper limb
5. Chest wall pain