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intro microbiology (openstax) > Openstax 4 > Flashcards

Openstax 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the lack of resistance to a disease

A

Susceptibility

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2
Q

the two types of ability to resist disease

A

Innate / Adaptive Immunity

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3
Q

Physical Defenses (innate)

A

Physical Barriers
mechanical defense
Normal microbiota

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4
Q

Cellular defenses (innate)

A

granulocytes (basophiles, eosinophils, neutrophils) agranulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells

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5
Q

Chemical defense

A

(innate)
enzymes: lysozyme, sebum
AMP- anti microbial peptides {broad spectrum}
plasma protein mediators: complement
inflammation
cytokines

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6
Q

opsonization

A

Tagging pathogens

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7
Q

acute phase proteins

A

inflammatory response vasodilation BV permeability

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8
Q

Inferfereons

A

cytokines -> virus

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9
Q

type 1 interferons

A

viral infections

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10
Q

signs of acute inflamtion

A

erythema, heat, edema, pain, loss of function

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11
Q

steps of inflammation

A 
inflammmatory mediator released
blood clot forms
abscess pus
BV margination of phagcytes 
diapedesis
phagocytosis 
tisssue repair
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12
Q

pyrogens

A

bacteria/virus associated

chemical themostat setting

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13
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns foreign to immune system
peptidogylcan, flagellin, viral gentic

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14
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors
On plasma membrane internal phagosomes
recognize various PAMPs
Signals interferons and proinflam cytokines= intracellular killing

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15
Q

Stages steps of Phagocytosis

A

Engulment of patho
phagosome formation
phagolysosome
expulsion

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16
Q

Ways to avoid phagocytosis

A

Capsules
escape
prevent lysosome fusion

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17
Q

Example of phagocytosis avoid : leishmaniasis potozoan

A

Sand fly

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18
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Specific Memory

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19
Q

B cells produce, where
what type of immunity
extra or intracellular antigens
secret what

A 
Produce antibodies Immunoglobulins Ig
where Bone Marrow
type - Humoral Immnity
EXTRA
Become Plasma cells Secret IGm
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20
Q

1 B cell 1 Antibody

A

1 antibody 1 epitope

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21
Q

T cells, where
what type of immunity
extra or intracellular antigens

A

Thymus T cell recptors (TCR)
Cellular Innate immunity
Intracellular

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22
Q

T helper cells

Activate what cells

A

Orchestrate humoral and cell immunity

activate macrophages NK

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23
Q

T regulatory (self)

A

tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity

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24
Q

t cytotoxic

A

apoptosis of intra cellular pathogens

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25
Q

superantigens

A

inflammation cytokine storm

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26
Q

Antigens

A

foregin microbe
several epitopes
capsules, cells walls, flagella, spike proteins, capsids, proteins, lipids, carbs

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27
Q

Haptens

A

tiny antigens need bigger carrier molecule to elicit immune response

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28
Q

FAB FC regions
Variable constant
light dark

A

areas of antibodies . know these regions

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29
Q

First produced
commonly found as five monomers joined by a J-chain.
first antibody produced in the initial adaptive immune response

A

IgM:

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30
Q

Commonly found as a dimer
secreted across mucosal surfaces
Breast milk

A

IgA

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31
Q

transmitted across the placenta from mother to fetus.

most abundant antibody in blood

A

IgG

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32
Q

Antibody associated with the degranulation of mast cells and allergy

A

IgE

33
Q

Antibody found at low levels in blood but is abundant on the surface of B cell for antigen binding receptor

A

IgD

34
Q

Mothers can naturally, passively provide protection against pathogens to their infants by giving them pre-formed antibodies that are able to prevent some pathogens from adhering to the infant’s intestinal cells and infecting. Which antibody type would be associated with this protection?

A

IgA

35
Q

A single B cell has approximately 50,000 B-cell receptors. How many distinct epitopes is this cell capable of recognizing?

A

1 epitope

36
Q

MHC I

A

presents antigen produced within APCs
recognized by CD8 T cells [Self vs NonSelf]
found on all nucleated body cells

37
Q

MHC II:

A

presents antigen phagocytosed by APCs

found only on APCs (dendritic, macrophage, and B cell)

38
Q

what is a MHC

A

Major histocompatiblity complex
self from nonself
presents antigens epitopse to t cell to activate t cell

39
Q

The killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells resembles the process of killing by natural killer cells. How do the two processes differ?

A

NK cells do not recognize specific antigen

40
Q

Which of these techniques might microbes use to successfully evade an immune response mounted against them?

A

inhibit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

trigger apoptosis of immune cells

induce production of anti-inflammatory cytokines

41
Q

he body’s immune response to a microbe is really multiple responses to multiple small regions of that microbe. Each small region that is recognized by a specific component of the immune system is referred to as what?

A

an Epitope

42
Q

Which of the cell types from the list below would NOT express MHC class I receptors?

A

Red blood cells

43
Q

What do granzymes do?

A

Granzymes stimulate cell death in infected cells.

44
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

A small signaling peptide

45
Q

A small segment of any antigen that can elicit an immune response is called a(n) _____

A

epitope

46
Q

Which cell type is most directly responsible for coordinating humoral and cellular immune responses to an infection?

A

T cells

47
Q

Which class of antibody has a form secreted across mucosal tissues of the intestine or lung?

A

IgA

48
Q

Two antibody class molecules, IgG and IgM, that recognize the same epitope and are from the same person differ from each other in their _____

A

heavy-chain constant regions

49
Q

MHC II complexes on antigen-presenting cells are loaded with _____ produced peptides

A

extracellulary

50
Q

T-cell education

A

thymus

51
Q

Cytomegalovirus, which can cause a mononucleosis-type disease, prevents the immune system from destroying infected cells by _____

A

placing a molecular mimic of MHC I on an infected cell surface

52
Q

Neutralizing antibody

A

prevent viruses binding

toxins

53
Q

opsonizing antibodies

A

tag coat pathogens for phagocytosis yummy

use FC recptors bind IgG

54
Q

agglutination antibodies

A

clump patho IgM

55
Q

ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

cell ? intra extra?

A

Fc recptors on NK cell lethal hit extracellular cytotoxins

56
Q

Passive naturally acquired
passive artificial acquired
Active naturally acquired
active artificial acquired

A

Passive naturally acquired : breast milk
passive artificial acquired : harvest from other
Active naturally acquired : illness
active artificial acquired : vaccines

57
Q

Match the common approved vaccine to its type.
live attenuated virus
inactive virus
toxid

A

attenuated virus:
influenza
chickenpox
measles

inactivated virus:
influenza
hepatitis A
rabies

toxoid:
tetanus
pertussis

58
Q

Which type of vaccine physically links a highly immunogenic protein with a poorly immunogenic capsule polysaccharide to boost the immune reaction to the polysaccharide?

A

Conjugated vaccine

59
Q

Which of the following is/are types of passive immunization?

A

Injection of antitoxins (antibodies that inactivate microbial toxins)

Breastfeeding

Injection of immune globulin

60
Q

Which of the following is/are features of an effective vaccine?

A

It should not harm the person being vaccinated.

It should stimulate B-cell (antibody) and T-cell (cell-mediated) responses.

It should produce long-term memory.

61
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus causes

A

a secondary immunodeficiency

62
Q

Epinephrine stops anaphylaxis by which of the following means?

A

Increasing cAMP production to stop mast cell degranulation

Relaxing smooth muscle around bronchioles

63
Q

What is the name for an antigen that causes the immune system to react more strongly than is warranted by the antigen itself, or that mimics host structures?

A

allergen

64
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can result under these conditions.

A

Rh- mother/Rh+ fetus, second pregnancy

65
Q

type I reaction

A

anaphylaxis
IgE cross-linking mast cells and basophiles to relase histamine
soluble
localized and systemic reactions

66
Q

Type II reaction

A 
cytotoxic
allergen-displaying host cells killed by complement ADCC
IgG IgM 
blood testing : Rh- mom Rh+ kid
cell bound
67
Q

Type III reaction

A

antigen-antibody complexes
IgG IgM soluble
Inflammation neurtophiles
glomerulonephritis dialysis

68
Q

Type IV reaction

A

delayed cell mediated
time of onset more than 24 hours postexposure
allergen-displaying host cells killed by TC cell
cytokines hapten antigens
posion ivy

69
Q

Which of the following autoimmune diseases occurs when an autoantibody is made that binds to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor present on thyroid gland cells?

A

Graves

70
Q

The pathophysiology of Grave’s disease involves _____

A

antibody that targets thyroid-stimulating hormone recepto

71
Q

The autoimmune process involved in systemic lupus erythematosus, in which antibodies and antigens interact to form clusters that may be deposited in tissue, is similar to which type of allergic reaction?

A

type III hypersensitivity

72
Q

B-cell defects causing antibody deficiencies are the most common type of _____ immunodeficiencies, which have a genetic basis and usually manifest in early childhood.

A

primary

73
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus cause

A

a secondary immunodeficiency

74
Q

A 1-month-old child with a low white blood cell count, low-set ears, cleft palate, and underdeveloped thymus will most likely have which one of the following?

A

DiGeorge syndrome

75
Q

Treatment of patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia includes which one of the following?

A

IV administration of immune globulin

76
Q

A 5-year-old boy with type A blood was in a serious car accident and required a transfusion. Mistakenly he received type AB blood. Within hours he was experiencing chills, his blood pressure dropped, and his urine was tinged red

A

type II hypersensitivity

cell lysis

77
Q

The concept whereby unvaccinated persons are protected from infection by those vaccinated in the community is called ______

A

herd immunity

78
Q

Place the steps of pathogenesis in order following initial contact between the host and the microbe.

A
  1. tissue attachment
  2. colonization
  3. immune avoidance
  4. host damage (disease)
  5. pathogen exit to next host
79
Q

What do we call the star-shaped, macrophage-like cells that are in the epidermis, above the basal layer?

A

langerhans cells dendric cells

intro microbiology (openstax) (4 decks)

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