Operant

Question 1

Positive means

In consequences

Answer 1

adding a stimuli

Question 2

Negative means

in consequences

Answer 2

removing a stimuli

Question 3

Punishment means

Consequences

Answer 3

Made to reduce a behaviour

Question 4

Reinforcement mean

in consequences

Answer 4

Made to increase a behaviour

Question 5

Positive Punishment is

and an example

Answer 5

Adding an undesirable stimuli for an undesirable behaviour to stop that behavious. Giving extra chores for drawing on the walls

Question 6

Negative Punishment is

and an example

Answer 6

Removing a desirable stimuli after an undesirable behaviour to decrease that behaviour. Taking away devices for drawing on the walls

Question 7

Positive Reinforcement

and an example

Answer 7

Adding a desireable stimuli for desirable behaviour. Giving lollies for each chore done.

Question 8

Negative Reinforcement

and an example

Answer 8

Removing an undesirable stimuli for desirable behaviour. Less chores for good grades.

Question 9

Two major schedules of reinforcement

Answer 9

Continuous and Partial

Question 10

Partial Reinforcement TWO aspects

Answer 10

Timing and Instances

Question 11

Partial Reinforcements 4 subdivisions

Answer 11

Fixed and Variable; Interval and Ratio

Question 12

Partial Reinforcement Instances

Answer 12

Variable: inconsistent number of instances/ time periods of behaviour
Fixed: consistent number of instances/ time periods of behaviour

Question 13

Partial Reinforcement Timing

Answer 13

Ratio: instances of behaviour
Interval: a fixed time period in which the behaviour must occur

Question 14

VR

Example

Answer 14

Variable Ratio: reward after a random set of instances the behaviour occurs
e.g. gambling (every gamble, sometimes rewards)
e.g.

Question 15

FR

Example

Answer 15

Fixed Ratio: after a set number of instances
e.g. required attendance for uni (grade is reward)
e.g. every set of 8 reps in gym and i have a sweet treat

Question 16

VI

Example

Answer 16

Variable Interval: reward at end of interval if behaviour occurs withinn that random interval of time
e.g. checking email
e.g. hidden booze bus: pulled over if bad driving (behaviour) occurs within the time the cops are on that road (random interval)

Question 17

FI

Example

Answer 17

Fixed Interval: reward at end of a fixed interval if it occurs within that period
e.g. waiting for train
e.g. “if you finish your chores by 6pm”

Question 18

Partial Schedule with fastest acquisition

Answer 18

VR: Variable Ratio

Question 19

Partial Schedule with slowest extinction

Answer 19

VR: Variable Ratio

Question 20

Partial Schedule with slowest acquisition

Answer 20

FI: Fixed Interval

Question 21

Partial Schedule with fastest extinction

Answer 21

FI: Fixed Interval

Question 22

What is more effective? Continuous or partial?

Answer 22

Continuous

Question 23

What is more effective? Rewards or punishments?

Answer 23

Rewards

Question 24

Punish effectively

Answer 24

1. No escape
2. High intensity
3. Continuous
4. No delay
5. Short period
6. No reinforcement
   i.e. quick, short, intense, consistent, inescapable

Question 25

Drive is...

Answer 25

the un/desirability of the type of punishment/ reward e.g. reward with snacks when hungry vs full

Question 26

Delay is..

Answer 26

The time between the instance of behaviour and the response e.g. reward dog for sitting when hes still sat vs. 5 mins later

Question 27

Size is...

Answer 27

the scale of the reward/punishment e.g. rewarding chores with a small piece of chocolate vs a choc bar

Question 28

Law of Diminishing Returns | Size variable

Answer 28

The rate of responding to the size of stimuli is inversely logarithmic, i.e. the greater the size, the more absolute responding, but less increase in responding you will get

Question 29

Three-Term Contingency

Answer 29

1. The Discriminative Stimulus 2. The Operant Response 3. The Organism i.e. [C]S, [C]R, Organism

Question 30

Actions under Stimulus Control

Answer 30

When the behaviour occurs ONLY in certain instances when the stimulus is present. Greater control of the stimulus (greater discrimination) = greater control of behaviour

Question 31

Latent Learning

Answer 31

An organism can learn without rewards, rewards just encourage behaviours that prove it.

Question 32

Do behaviours have to be performed to be learned?

Answer 32

NO; they can be experienced. Rats running vs transported throughout a maze both learned the same way

Question 33

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 33

Our innate drives (drinking, eating) being satiated is the reward. Punishments increase drive, thus the behaviour is reduced. | Homeostasis being disrupted = increase in drive = desire to reduce drive

Question 34

Flaws of Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 34

Secondary Reinforcers: not physiological needs, e.g. money Novel Stimuli: not a need, e.g. sensation seeking Pleasure Seeking: not a need

Question 35

Chaining

Answer 35

Reward behaviours that lead to desired behaviours

Question 36

Shaping

Answer 36

Scan for behaviour and reward immediately

Question 37

Sculpting

Answer 37

Force behaviour and reward at completion. Experience rather than performance.

Question 38

Baiting

Answer 38

Use a US to "bait" an organism into doing a behaviour and associate it with a CS and CR.

Question 39

Backwards chaining

Answer 39

Reward last unconditioned step in the process of achieving desired behaviour. i.e. model behaviour until the last unlearned step and reward at completion

Question 40

Escape Learning

Answer 40

Undesirable stimuli is present then terminated at organisms response

Question 41

Avoidance Learning

Answer 41

Undesirable stimuli is absent at organisms behaviour (no presence permitted)

Question 42

What is Learned Helplessness

Answer 42

When an organism is incapable of avoidance or escape (behaviours cannot prevent responses),

Question 43

Effects of Learned Helplessness

Answer 43

Impairs subsequent learning Depression Reduced activity Reduced immune responses More (stress-related) ulcers

Question 44

Attributtions of Learned Helplessness

Answer 44

Internal vs External Stable vs Unstable Global vs Specific

Question 45

Internal vs External Attribution

Answer 45

Organism cause of vs NOT cause of consequence

Question 46

Stable vs Unstable Attribution

Answer 46

Trait of organism vs single instance of organisms behaviour

Question 47

Global vs Specific Attribution

Answer 47

Applies to all vs applies to single context

Question 48

Which attributions increase learned helplessness

Answer 48

Depression: internal, stable, global it is my fault, i am unchangeable, in all aspects of my life

Question 49

Which attributions decrease learned helplessness

Answer 49

External, unstable, specific It is not my fault, this trait can change (not a pattern), doesn't apply to my entire life

Question 50

Which therapies use conditioning principles?

Answer 50

Behavioural (its in the name)

Question 51

Functional Analysis; SORCK

Answer 51

Stimulus: cause/ before behaviour Organism: skills and state of organism Response: the behaviour Consequence: the consequence (reinforce/punisher) Contingency Relationship: effect of consequence on future instances of behaviour

Question 52

Operant vs Classical

Answer 52

Operant results in voluntary behaviour