Operating System

Question 1

operating system

Answer 1

the whole package that manages computer’s resources and allows user to interact with it

Question 2

what are the 2 main parts of an OS?

Answer 2

the kernel and the user space

Question 3

kernel

Answer 3

the main core of an OS. talks directly to hardware and manages system resources. users don’t interact with it directly.

Question 4

user space

Answer 4

everything outside of the kernel

Question 5

what are the 4 main things the kernel does?

Answer 5

process management, memory management, file management, and I/O management.

Question 6

computer file

Answer 6

data stored and can be anything (word doc, picture, song, bit)

Question 7

file system

Answer 7

how files are managed. files organized in folders/directories so easier to find. there are lots of different types.

Question 8

process management

Answer 8

how computer handles processes (order they run in, how many resources they take up, how long they run, etc..)

Question 9

process scheduler

Answer 9

part of kernel that makes multitasking possible. switches execution of different processes on CPU so fast it gives the illusion that they’re happening simultaneously.

Question 10

memory usage

Answer 10

optimizes memory and ensures applications have enough memory to run

Question 11

I/O (input/output) management

Answer 11

how kernel talks to external devices like disks, keyboards, networks, connections, audio devices, hard disk drives. anything that can give input or can use for output of data. (saving file to disk, clicking mouse, using mic to videochat)

Question 12

examples of user space

Answer 12

programs like text editors, music players, system settings, user interfaces

Question 13

what are the 3 main components of handling files on an OS?

Answer 13

the file data, the metadata, and the file system

Question 14

NTFS

Answer 14

Windows filing system that includes encryption, faster access speeds.

Question 15

ReFS+

Answer 15

file system that Windows is currently developing for future consumer use

Question 16

HFS+

Answer 16

MacOS’s file system. It’s journaled which means it does a better job at saving your disk state for file failure.

Question 17

ext4

Answer 17

one of the different types of Linux filing systems that different distributions use.

Question 18

data blocks

Answer 18

how data is written onto hard drive so that it’s accessed quicker and better utilizes storage space (b/c it’s not store on one long piece).

Question 19

metadata

Answer 19

everything you need to know about the file and what type of file it is. includes: file owner, permissions, file size, date modified, date created, and file type.

Question 20

file extension

Answer 20

the appended part of a file name that tells what type of file it is on certain OSs. (i.e. jpeg- picture file)

Question 21

process

Answer 21

the part of a program that’s executing, like an internet browser or text editor. can have many processes running for same program.

Question 22

program

Answer 22

an application that can be run.

Question 23

time slice

Answer 23

an extremely short interval of time (milliseconds) that gets allocated to a process for CPU execution.

Question 24

examples of factors that could contribute to computer running slowly and CPU resources being maxed out r/t process management:

Answer 24

1 process taking up more time slices than should so next process isn’t being executed.
too many processes want CPU time and CPU can’t keep up.

Question 25

main process management tasks

Answer 25

creates process, efficiently schedules them, and manages how they're terminated so resources can be reallocated.

Question 26

memory management

Answer 26

addresses the limitations of having smaller quantities of memory than space on a hard drive by taking pages of data and swapping them between RAM and virtual memory.

Question 27

virtual memory

Answer 27

a combination of hard drive space and RAM that acts like memory that processes can use. stores pages that aren't being used by the system.

Question 28

pages

Answer 28

chunks of data taken from a program and executed in RAM.

Question 29

swap space

Answer 29

the allocated space on the hard drive where virtual memories are stored

Question 30

I/O devices

Answer 30

devices that perform input and output. monitors, keyboards, mice, hard disk drives, speakers, Bluetooth headsets, webcams, network adapters

Question 31

components of kernel I/O management

Answer 31

loads and starts drivers to enable communication with hardware manages transfer of data in and out of devices (between user and device and between devices) tries to ensure that data doesn't have errors during process

Question 32

user space

Answer 32

how humans interact with the OS by for examples creating files and folders, opening apps, and deleting items.

Question 33

what are the 2 ways to interact with an OS?

Answer 33

graphical interface (GUI) and shell

Question 34

CLIA

Answer 34

command line interface- text commands used in shells

Question 35

shell

Answer 35

a program that interprets text commands and sends them to the OS to execute

Question 36

BASH/Bourne Again Shell

Answer 36

most common shell in Linux

Question 37

PowerShell

Answer 37

most common shell in Windows

Question 38

logs

Answer 38

files that record system events (like when turned on, when driver loaded, an error message when something doesn't work) on computer

Question 39

BIOS/UEFI

Answer 39

a low-level software that initializes computer's software to make sure everything's good to go

Question 40

bootloader

Answer 40

a small program that loads the OS

Question 41

the boot process

Answer 41

1. computer powered on 2. BIOS/UEFI a. runs POST to figure what hardware is on computer and ensure it's all running correctly, b. loads essential drivers, c. looks in a certain configured order for boot device that contains bootloader, d. executes bootloader 4. kernel loaded 5. essential system processes and user space items launched.

Question 42

file data

Answer 42

the storage of the actual data in a file