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Operating Systems Flashcards

This module makes me want to kms :3 (80 cards)

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1
Q

ALU

A

Arithmetic Logic Unit

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2
Q

IR

A

Instruction Register
Contains instruction of last fetched.

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3
Q

MAR

A

Memory Address Register
Contains memory address for NEXT read/write

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4
Q

MBR

A

Memory Buffer Register
Holds data temporarily during memory read/write operations.

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5
Q

swap file

A

portion of the disk used for virtual memory

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6
Q

Command to see size of swap partition

A

fdisk -l

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7
Q

BUS?

A

Transfers info between components

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8
Q

Name 3 buses

A

DATA BUS, ADDRESS BUS, CONTROL BUS

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9
Q

DATA BUS

A

Transports actual data

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10
Q

ADDRESS BUS

A

carries memory addresses

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11
Q

CONTROL BUS

A

coordinates data flow between devices

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12
Q

Purpose of an interrupt?

A

signals an event that requires immediate attention, interrupting current process.
(It improves processing efficiency)

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13
Q

Interrupt Handler

A

Program determines nature of interrupt + performs whatever actions are needed.

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14
Q

Process

A

Program in execution

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15
Q

PID

A

Process ID: unique id of a process

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16
Q

PPID

A

Parent Process ID: ID of parent process

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17
Q

CMD

A

Command used to start process

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17
Q

Memory Tables

A

Allocation of main and secondary memory to processors.
Protection attributes for access to shared memory regions.
INFO needed to manage virtual memory virtual memory.

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18
Q

I/O Tables

A

if device is available or assigned.
status of each in-progress I/O operation.
Location in main memory being used as the source or destination of each in-progress I/O Transfer.

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19
Q

File Tables

A

Existence of files.
location on secondary memory.
current status.
attributes.

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20
Q

Process Tables

A

Where process is located
attributes necessary for its management.
process ID.
process state.
location in memory.

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21
Q

Daemon

A

runs in background
automatically starts at boot
no direct user interaction

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22
Q

name Two daemons :3

A

cron
sshd

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23
Q

Process scheduling

A

way processed are assigned to processsor

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24
Non Pre-emptive
No interrupts process will continue until completes or blocks
25
Pre-emptive
process can be interrupted
26
time-slicing
rapidly switches between task giving each task a short time to run
27
SPN
Shortest Process Next shortest time get priority NON PRE-EMPTIVE
28
SRT
Shortest Remaining Time same as SPN BUT IS PRE-EMPTIVE
29
TT
Turnaround Time arrival time + waiting time
30
NTT
Normalized Turnaround Time TT / service time :3
31
ROM
Read Only Mmemory
32
EROM
Erasable Read Only Memory
33
PROM
Programmable Read Only Mmeory
34
passwd file
stores essential info about user accounts username, password, user ID, group ID, default shell, home directory, user info
35
Redirection
directs I/O from/to a file instead of console Used for logging output or saving command results
36
Piping
Passes output to one command as input to another Filters data or combines commands
37
Hard Link
Direct reference to same inode, {use ln to make a hard link} ln /etc/passwd name
38
Soft Link (symbolic link)
Pointer to original file path, like a shortcut ln -s /etc/passwd name
39
Name a Linus File system
EXT4 Extended File system 4
40
Name a windows file system
NTFS New Technology File System
41
Info held in file system's superblock?
total partition size first data addresses list of free blocks file system type
42
Long-Term Scheduling
Decides which jobs enter the ready queue
43
Medium-Term Scheduling
Swaps process between memory and disk
44
Short-term memory
determines which process in the ready queue will execute next
45
Memory Management Requirements
Relocation: allows program to be moved in memory Protection: Sharing: Logical Organiztion: supports modular programming + data segmentation Physical Organization: organizes available memory
46
Page
Logical block of a process
47
Frame
Physical memory block where pages are loaded
48
Offset
Position within the page/frame
49
Objectives of an operating system
Convenience for users secure data access Efficient use of computing resources Evolution ie OS should enable development of new systems
50
Sequential Interrupt
next interrupt is handled after the current one completes
51
Nested interrupt
higher priority can interrupt lower priority interrupt handling
52
/etc
contains config files {passwd, group, hosts, fstab}
53
/bin
contains binaries {cp, ls grep cat...}
54
/sbin
contains binaries for admin {fdisk, ifconfig}
55
/home
user home directory
56
Inode contains?
file type, user ID, group ID, permissions, pointers to data blocks, time of last modification
57
Internal Fragmentation
Unused space within an allocated memory block
58
External Fragmentation
Unused blocks scattered between allocated memory
59
PCB
Process Control Block stores process info needed for context switching
60
items in PCB
Process ID, program counter, priority level, process state
61
swap parition
dedicated disk partition used for virtual memory
62
Resident set
portion of a process currently loaded in physical memory
63
Thrashing
Excessive swapping due to insufficient memory
64
Page fault
process tries to access a page not in memory
65
modify bit
indicates if a page has been changed since loaded
66
Resident bit
tracks whether a page is currently in physical memory
67
purpose of shell UWU
command line interpreter two sheels: zsh, bash
68
Dispatcher
gives control of CPU to selected process
69
Command that kills all processs
sudo kill -9 -1
70
swap space
disk space reserved to temporarily store data that doesnt fit in RAM
71
Fetch-Execute Cycle
- PC has address of next instruction -Address copied to MAR -Contents at address copied to MBR -instruction copied into IR -PC incremented -instruction decoedd+executed
72
Advantages of Contiguous Allocation
-allows efficient access to files and storage - simpler to implement
73
Disadvantages of Contiguous Allocation
- can suffer from external fragmentation - can be inflexible when resizing files
74
Advantages of Chained (linked) Allocation
-flexible in file size -minimizes external fragmentation
75
Disadvantages of Chained (linked) Allocation
-sequential access overhead -increased storage overhead
76
Advantages of Indexed Allocation
-fast access to files -supports dynamic growth of files
77
Disadvantages of indexed allocation
- overhead - limited file size
78
primary partition
One of up to four main partitions on a disk.
79
logical parition
Sub-division within an extended partition.

Operating Systems (1 decks)

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