Ophthalmic examination Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is blepharospasm?
Involuntary twitching or closing of eyelids, sign of ocular discomfort
What is exophthalmos?
Bulging of the eye out of the socket
What is enophthalmos?
Eye is “sunken”, globe is situated more posterior than normal within orbit
What is strabismus?
Eye misalignment. One eye is turned to a different direction than the other eye
What is Schirmer tear test?
Measures the production of the watery part of the tears. Used to diagnose keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Should be done before the eyes are cleaned or handled
What should you examine/look for in case of blepharospasm?
-Foreign body in conjunctiva, under eyelids, third eyelid
-Aberrant cilia or hair (distichia or ectopic cilia)
-Stain with fluorescein to look for corneal ulcer
-Examine third eyelid (use topical analgesia)
Which areas can you examine with a biomicroscope? (4)
Eyelids, cornea, anterior chamber, lens
Biomicroscope has two beams: round and slit. What is the slit beam useful for?
Gives indication on the depht of lesions (cornea/lens)
What is entropion?
Eyelid is turned inwards –> eye is in contact with fur and gets irritated.
What is ectropion?
Eyelid sags or turns outwards
What is fluorescein staining used for?
Looking for corneal ulcers. Ulcers will stain green.
Deep ulcers will have a clear spot in the middle with green stained around
What is the Jones test?
Initial assessment of the nasolacrimal drainage when using fluorescein dye. Dye that has been put in the eye should come out the nose.
False negatives are common.
When is Rose Bengal dye used?
When searching for small defects in the superficial corneal epithelium (e.g. in feline herpetic keratitis)
What is tonometry?
Measurement of intraocular pressure
High intraocular pressure is called…?
glaucoma
In which pathological condition is intraocular pressure low?
Uveitis (intraocular inflammation)
When are iatrogenic changes in intraocular pressure measurement possible?
In case of high readings. Low readings are not possible, but are aktual
What is normal intraocular pressure?
10-25 mmHg
Difference between eyes: same or less than 8 mmHg
Older animals have lower IOP than younger
What area can you examine with ophthalmoscopy?
Fundus
What is direct ophtalmoscopy? Pros and cons
-You use a direct handheld ophtalmoscope to get an upright image of the patient’s fundus
-Field of view is more restricted than with indirect methods, lack of depht perception
-Low cost
-Examiner’s face needs to be close to the animal
What is anisocoria?
Different pupil size
What is dyscora?
Abnormal pupil shape
What is indirect ophthalmoscopy? Pros and cons
-Monocular indirect ophthalmoscope (with handheld lens)
-Binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (with headset)
-Large field of view
-Inverted and reversed image
-Safer distance from animal
-Expensive
