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1. Pharmacology > Ophthalmic medications > Flashcards

Ophthalmic medications Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Advantages of ointments

A

Long contact time
Not diluted via tear film
Softens ocular discharge and crust
Helps prevent symblepharon
Less expensive

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2
Q

Disadvantages of ointments

A

Interferes with corneal epithelial lining
Add to discharge
Contact dermatitis
Dosing not precise
Difficult to sterilize and apply

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3
Q

Advantages of suspension (drops)

A

Less disturbance of vision, incident for contact derm, and less toxic to interior of eye
Easier application

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4
Q

Disadvantages of suspension (drops)

A

Short contact time, dilutes with tears, more expensive, shaking required, greater potential for systemic absorption

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5
Q

Antimicrobials

A

Triple antibiotic
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
Erythromycin
Gentamicin/ Tobramycin
Ofloxacin/ ciprofloxacin/ moxifloxacin
Cefazolin

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6
Q

MOA for most antimicrobials

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunits

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7
Q

Which antimicrobials are Mycoplasma and Chlamydophils sensitive to?

A

Tetracyclines, Erythromycin, Ofloxacin/ ciprofloxacin/ moxifloxacin

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8
Q

Triple antibiotic

A

Neopoly and Polymyxin B = gram -
Bacitracin and Gramicidin=gram +

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9
Q

Chloramphenicol uses

A

Deep and infected/melting corneal ulcerations or intraocular infections
Penetrates intact cornea

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10
Q

_______________ is resistant to Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines

A

Pseudomona aeuginosa

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11
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Bacteriostatic

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12
Q

Erythromycin

A

Targets gram +
Penetrates cornea
Use: Conjunctivitis

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13
Q

Gentamicin/ tobramycin

A

Targets gram -
Bactericidal
Poor intraocular penetration
Use: Ciliary body ablations (CBA)

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14
Q

Ofloxacin/ ciprofloxacin/ moxifloxacin

A

MOA: Inhibits DNA gyrase and prevents viral DNA synthesis
Bactericidal
Use: complicated corneal ulcers

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15
Q

Cefazolin

A

MOA: Destroys cell wall of bacteria
Bactericidal
Mix with sterile saline artificial tears (topical) or use intra operatively (IV)

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16
Q

Gram _________ are resistant to cefazolin

A

Negative

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17
Q

Anti-fungal administration

A

Topical, systemic, intranasal, IV

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18
Q

Antifungal marked for ophthalmic prep

A

Natamycin- attacks filamentous fungi and yeast

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19
Q

Azoles (anti-fungal)

A

MOA: destroys cell wall by inhibiting cytochrome P450
drugs ending is azole- micaonazole, voriconazole, etc

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20
Q

Silver sulfadiazine

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A

Broad spectrum anti-fungal + Antiviral

21
Q

Antivirals

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A

Idoxuridine
Cidofovir
Trifluridine
Adenine Arabinoside

22
Q

Idoxuridine

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A

MOA: competes with thrymidine for incorporation of viral DNA
Virostatic, admin. 4-8 x a day

23
Q

Cidofovir

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A

MOA: inhibits viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis
Administer 2x a day, expensive

24
Q

Anti-inflammatories MOA

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A

Glucocorticoids blocks both cyclooxygenase and lipopoxygenase pathways
NSAIDs block the cyclic endoperoxidases (PGs)
compounded for ophthalmic use

25
Uses for anti-inflammatories
Preserve corneal transparency Extra-ocular inflamm. diseases (keratitism conjunctivitis) Uveitis Reduced leukocyte accumulation
26
Adverse effects of anti-inflammatories
↓ corneal epithelial healing time, keratocyte proliferation and collagen, neovascularization, capillary permeability, vasodilation Activates collagenase (digests cornea) Interferes with host defenses Corneal opacities
27
Steroids
Interferes with inflamm. mediators like arachidonic acid Neopolydex (extraocular disease), dexamethasone SP, prednisolone aceate (corneal penetration)
28
NSAIDs
Inhibits synthesis of enzymes (cyclco-oxygenase, endoperoxide isomerase, PGs) Ketorolac, diclofenas, flurbiporfen
29
Anti-glaucoma medications
Block aqueous humor pathway Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta blockers, latanoprost/ bematoprost/ travprost, demecarium bromide, pilocarpine
30
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Dorzolamide Causes irritation and mild blepharitis Combined with timolol
31
Beta blockers
Timolol: nonselective, caution in animals with cardiac disease of asthma, prevents glaucoma Betaxolol: Selective
32
Latanoprost/ bematoprost/ travprost
MOA: PG analog and miotic Emergency glaucoma, trans-corneal reduction procedure for lens luxations
33
Effects of latanoprost/ bematoprost/ travprost
Causes miosis and prevents lens from entereing the anterior chamber (don't use if already in chamber)
34
Demecarium bromide
Parasympathomimetic Inhibits AChE and pseudocholinesterase Indirectly causes miosis due to constriction of iris sphincter muscles, aiding in outflow of humor
35
Pilocarpine MOA
MOA: cholinergic muscanaric receptor agonist→ contracts ciliary body, ↑ outflow of humor and stimulates tear gland directly if nerve damage
36
Pilocarpine use
Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca Adverse: hypersalivation, urinating, V/D Orally or topically
37
Tear stimulators
Cyclosporine Tacrolimus Artificial tears and lubrications (I-drop vet gel, optixcare, AnHyPro, GenTeal)
38
Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus MOA
Reduces inflamm. associated with tear production, suppresses T cell function Calcineurin inhibitor Immunosuppressive
39
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus uses
KCS, pannus, immune mediated keratitis and excessive vasculature pigment
40
Mydratics
Atropine Tropicamide Epinephrine and phenylephrine
41
Atropine
ACh muscarinic receptor blocker, relaxes iris and ciliary body sphincter muscles Therapeutic drops for pain Wash hands after use
42
Beware of using atropine in what animals?
Horses and cats
43
Tropicamide
Same MOA as atropine Dilates for OFA exams, ERGs, pre-op cataract surgery
44
Epinephrine and phenylephrine
Sympathomimetic Causes vasoconstriction of vasculature and reduces bleeding during procedures
45
Anticollangenases
Serum (a2 macoglobulin) EDTA (binds to Ca) Amonion drops Doxycycline N-acetylcysteine
46
Amonion drops
Promotes cell migration and epithelialization Medical management for desmetocele Lubrication and anti-inflamm properties
47
Atracarium
Neuromuscular paralytic Aids in cataract surgery so eye doesn't move while extracting lens fibers
48
NaCl ointment or suspension (Muro)
Hyperosmotic solution that draws fluid from the cornea (corneal edema) Endothelial degeneration
49
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
Dissolves fibrin in aqueous humor Reduces synechia, glaucoma, or cataract formation Post-op to control inflammation

1. Pharmacology (29 decks)

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