ophthalmology

Question 1

risk factors glaucoma

Answer 1

age (40+) or race
corneal thickness or eye injury
use of steroids or hypertension (can affect pressure)
nearsighted or farsighted
diabetes or sickle cell anemia (especially untreated)

Question 2

symptoms of open

Answer 2

none in the early stage
patchy blind spots in peripheral vision
vision difficulty in central vision

Question 3

diagnosis of open

Answer 3

measuring of IOP
testing for optic nerve damage
vision loss assessment
corneal thickness measurement
inspection of drainage canal

Question 4

symptoms of closed

Answer 4

medical emergency!!
severe HA or blurred vision
severe pain or halos around light
NV or redness in eye/cloudy cornea

Question 5

drugs that increase aqueous humor outflow

Answer 5

prostaglandins
rho kinase inhibitors
cholinergics

Question 6

drugs that block aqueous humor production

Answer 6

beta blockers
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 7

drugs that increase outflow and reduce production

Answer 7

alpha-2 agonists

Question 8

how is open glaucoma treated?

Answer 8

either by increasing aqueous humor outflow, blocking aqueous humor production, or both

Question 9

what drugs are prostaglandins?

Answer 9

latanoprost
bimatoprost
travoprost
tafluprost
bimatoprost

Question 10

goal of prostaglandins

Answer 10

decrease IOP by 30%

Question 11

warnings of prostaglandins

Answer 11

eyelash increase (both length/number)
darkening of eyelid, iris, skin, and eyelash

Question 12

se of prostaglandin

Answer 12

blurred vision
stinging
light sensitivity

Question 13

drug of rho kinase inhibitors

Answer 13

netarsudil/latanoprost

Question 14

SE of rho kinase inhibitors

Answer 14

burning
corneal disease
conjunctival hemorrhage
conjunctival hyperemia

Question 15

drugs of cholinergics

Answer 15

carbachol
pilocarpine

Question 16

cholinergic warnings

Answer 16

use caution in patients with history of retinal detachment or corneal abrasion

Question 17

SE of cholinergics

Answer 17

corneal clouding
pupil constriction
hypotension
bronchospasm
cramping in the abdomen/GI distress

Question 18

beta blocker drugs

Answer 18

betaxolol
timolol
carteolol
levobunolol

Question 19

CI of beta blockers

Answer 19

sinus bradycardia
other heart related conditions
bronchospastic disease

Question 20

SE of beta blockers

Answer 20

blurred vision
stinging
bradycardia
breathing problems

Question 21

how would the SE of beta blockers be minimized?

Answer 21

closing eyes for 1-2 minutes

Question 22

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drugs

Answer 22

dorzolamide/timolol (drop)
acetazolamide (oral)
brinzolamide/brimonidine (drop)
methazolamide (oral)

Question 23

warnings of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 23

sulfonamide allergy

Question 24

SE of eye drop carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 24

blurred vision
burning
blepharitis
taste disturbance

Question 25

SE of oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 25

ataxia confusion photosensitivity nausea metabolic acidosis

Question 26

alpha-2 agonists drug

Answer 26

apraclonidine brimonidine brimonidine/timolol/brinzolamide

Question 27

warnings of alpha-2 agonists

Answer 27

CNS depression

Question 28

SE of alpha-2 agonists

Answer 28

blurred vision dry eyes xerostomia sedation/confusion conjunctival hyperemia (redness)

Question 29

what is first line treatment of open glaucoma?

Answer 29

prostaglandins analogs beta blockers alpha-2 agonists (ish)

Question 30

what is second line treatment of open glaucoma?

Answer 30

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors alpha-2 agonists (ish)

Question 31

what is third line treatment for open glaucoma?

Answer 31

rho kinase inhibitors

Question 32

what is the last line treatment for open glaucoma?

Answer 32

cholinergics

Question 33

treatment of closed glaucoma

Answer 33

hyper osmotic agents surgery

Question 34

hyperosmotic agents drug

Answer 34

mannitol (IV) glycerin (po)

Question 35

surgery option

Answer 35

iridotomy --> tiny holes in iris to allow fluid drainage

Question 36

what medications are safe to take after iridotomy?

Answer 36

anticholergics topiramate chronic steroids decongestants antidepressants