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4th year > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Mydriasis

A

dilated pupil

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2
Q

Cause of an eye to turn yellow

A

combination of protein and probably white blood cells in the aqueous humour.

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3
Q

Tear reading test?

A

Schrimer Tear Test: 15mm/min & above are normal

10mm/min & less are low readings

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4
Q

uses of Slit examination

A 
Anterior structures of the eye
− Detail - Eyelids, conjunctiva and third eyelid (non-transilluminable)
− Cornea, iris and anterior lens (transilluminable)
• Contour
• Lesion depth (ulcer, cataract)
• Reflexes
− Dazzle reflexes
− Pupillary light reflexes
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5
Q

causes of Keratic precipitates?

A

uveitis

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6
Q

can you have a PLR with cataracts

A

yes, not a vision test, so light can still causes a PLR

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7
Q

Nuclear sclerosis Vs. cataracts

A

Nuclear sclerosis is transparent, Cataracts appear black on DDO

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8
Q

Jones Test

A

nasolacrimal duct patency

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9
Q

Distichiasis

A

hairs exiting from the duct of the meibomian gland at the eyelid margin: causes corneal ulcers, tearing and inflammation

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10
Q

hair sporuting from the conjunctiva of the bulbar surface, central upper eyelid of a young dog

A

Ectopic cilium

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11
Q

Hairs from a “normal location” contact the ocular surface

A

Trichiasis

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12
Q

Conjunctiva congestion

A

Have dichotomous branching

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13
Q

episclera congestion

A

Episcleral BVs have no dichotomous branching
– Larger
– Meander

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14
Q

What does episclera congestion signal

A 
Intraocular disease (uveitis and glaucoma)
» Severe/chronic surface irritation
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15
Q

Damage to the corneal endothelium can cause

A

Glaucoma, uveitis, lens luxation and primary endothelial deneration

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16
Q

loss of epithelium causes

A

corneal ulcer

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17
Q

where is aqueous humor produced and exit

A

ciliary body and exits at the ICA/sclera/ uvea

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18
Q

2 diseases effecting AC (how to differinciate)

A

uveitis (decreased IOP) and glaucoma (increased IOP)

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19
Q

What is the UVEA made up of

A

anterior uvea: iris and ciliary body

Posterior uvea: choroid

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20
Q

signs of uveitis

A

keratic precipitates, miosis, hypopion, hyphema, and posterior synechiae

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21
Q

abnormal pupil shape

Study These Flashcards
A

posterior synechiae ( iris attached to lense): uveitis

22
Q

Differentials for working up a red eye case?

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A

DAMNIT (degeneration,developmental, autoimmue, acquired, metabolic, neoplastic, nutritional, neurological, infectious, inflammortory, immune mediated, Trauma, toxic

23
Q

epiphora

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A

overproduction of tears: trigeminal nerve irritation/inflammation or draining

24
Q

components of tears and sites of production

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A

aqueous (lacrimal + accessory glands), lipid(meibomian glands) and mucus (goblet cells)

25
entropion
inward pointing of eyelashes
26
link with entropion and corneal irritation
corneal irritation causes Blepharospasm causing spastic entropion therefor more corneal irritation.
27
causes of blindness
symblepharon, uveitis, glaucoma, cataracts, keratitis, PPM, PRA
28
Symblepharon
adhesion of nictitans membrane or cornea to conjunctiva of eyelid (causes blindness)
29
brachycephalic dog with euryblepharon, entropion and pigmentation of the sclera and cornea
pigmentary keratitis (causes blindness)
30
lines across the pupil
persistent pupillary membranes (causes blindness)
31
Flare
presence of inflammatory particles in the AC giving it a cloudy appearance (tyndall effect) : Uveitis
32
synechia
attachment of iris to lens (posterior) or cornea (anterior)
33
when is topical anti-inflammatory treatment for uveitis counter indicated
with a corneal ulcer
34
systemic hypertension can cause
Bullous retinal detachment hyphema, retinal haemorrhage.
35
cataracts
Complete or focal opacity of the lens, can be secondary to or cause uveitis: white on DDO and dark with retinalillumination
36
causes of cataracts
inherited, traumatic, metabolic (diabetes), congenital, nutritional, PRA and senile
37
nuclear and cortex cataracts
Nuclear: center commonly inherited Cortex: around edge, senile cause
38
middle aged labrador with night blindness leading to day blindness, painless, cataracts
Progressive retinal atrophy: Loss of blood vessels on retina
39
difference between cataracts and nuclear sclerosis
Cataracts: dark on retinoillumination, y shaped | Nuclear sclerosis: Bilateral white pearl(marble in eye)
40
how do you retinalilluminate the lens
bend yours knees and shine light up to top of eye and use the tapitum reflection to illuminate the lens. cataracts shows up as dark nuclear sclerosis does not
41
cause of exophthalmos and 3rd eyelid protrusion
space occupying lesion
42
buphthalamia
enlarged eye due to increase IOP
43
burmese cat with dilated pupil, conjunctival and episcleral congestion, vision problems
glaucoma
44
If schirmir test less than 15 milliliters of tears produced in a minute
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca | dry eye
45
Clinical signs of dry eye?
corenal ulceration, conjunctival congestion, red eye and yellow or green discharge
46
typical breeds disposed to keratoconjunctivitis sicca
cocker spaniel, cavailer, bulldogs ect
47
treatment options for KCS
surgery: conjunctival pedicle Medical:topical ciclosporin (immunosuppressant), tear replacement and topical antibiotics (chlormanphenicol)
48
black dot in the centre of cornea of a cat
feline corneal sequestrum | treatment: surgery
49
cause of symblepharon in kitten and corneal ulcers
FHV-1
50
Marcus Gunn sign?
reduced constriction of one eye on the swinging light test: lesion in the optic nerve before optic chiasm (on opposite side!) or severe retinal disease.
51
result of lesion effecting the left optic tract
loss of sight in the right eye
52
differentiation between PPM and posterior synechiae
PPM always effects from edge of pupil to the centre but posterior synechiae only ever effects the edge never the centre

4th year (8 decks)

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