Ophthalmology

Question 1

What are the main bacterial causes of conjunctivitis in neonates?

Answer 1

Staph aureus
Neisseria gonnorrhoea
Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 2

What are the main bacterial causes of conjunctivitis in adults and children?

Answer 2

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
H. influenzae (especially in children)

Question 3

What investigation should be done for bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 3

Swab

Question 4

What is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 4

Topical chloramphenicol

Question 5

When should chloramphenicol be avoided?

Answer 5

History of aplastic anaemia

Allergy

Question 6

What are the main viral causes of conjunctivitis?

Answer 6

Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
Adenovirus

Question 7

Clinically, what is the main difference observed between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 7

Bacterial - pus discharge

Viral - watery discharge

Question 8

What is observed in herpes simplex conjunctivitis?

Answer 8

White vesicles under the eye

Question 9

What type of conjunctivitis should be suspected in young adults presenting with both eyes affected?

Answer 9

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

Question 10

What is seen in chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 10

White follicles

Subtarsal scarring

Question 11

What is a hypopyon?

Answer 11

A level of white/yellow fliud at the bottom of the cornea due to WBC/infection

Question 12

What is keratitis?

Answer 12

Inflammation of the cornea

Question 13

What are the viral causes of keratitis?

Answer 13

Herpes

Adenovirus

Question 14

What type of ulcer may be causes by herpetic keratitis?

Answer 14

Dendritic ulcer (looks like a branch)

Question 15

Should you give steroids in herpetic keratitis?

Answer 15

NOOOO

Can cause corneal melt and perforation of cornea

Question 16

What would you see in a slit lamp examination of adenoviral keratitis?

Answer 16

Subepithelial infiltrates

Question 17

What are causes of keratitis due to wearing contact lens?

Answer 17

Acanthamoeba

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 18

What is orbital cellulitis?

Answer 18

Infection of soft tissues of orbit

Question 19

What are the main organisms that cause orbital cellulitis?

Answer 19

Staph
Strep
Coliforms
H. influenzae
Anaerobes

Question 20

What is the treatment of orbital cellulitis?

Answer 20

Broad spectrum AB and monitor for optic nerve/ muscle dysfunction

Question 21

What is endophthalmitis?

Answer 21

Infection of whole eye

Question 22

What are the common causes of endopthtalmitis?

Answer 22

Commensals e.g. staph epidermidis

Caused by surgery or trauma

Question 23

What is the treatment of endophthalmitis?

Answer 23

Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics

Question 24

What is chorioretinitis?

Answer 24

Inflammation of choroid and retina

Question 25

What are causes of chorioretinitis?

Answer 25

Cytomegalovirus (AIDs) Toxoplasma gondii Toxocara canis

Question 26

What is toxoplasma gondii

Answer 26

A protoza (tic) that can cause toxoplasmosis

Question 27

What is toxocara canis?

Answer 27

Worm parasite that can for granulomas that affects the growth of retinal epithelium, causing eye problems

Question 28

What investigation is done for conjunctivitis?

Answer 28

Swab for culture - before LA or stain

Question 29

What investigation is done for bacterial keratitis?

Answer 29

Corneal scrapes

Question 30

What investigation is done for endophthalmitis?

Answer 30

Aqueous/ vitreous culture

Question 31

What investigation is done for toxoplasma and toxocara?

Answer 31

Serology

Question 32

How does chloramphenicol work?

Answer 32

Inhibit peptidyl transferase enzyme

Question 33

What antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 33

Penicillins Cephalosporins (common B lactam ring)

Question 34

What antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 34

Quinolones e.g. ofloxacin

Question 35

What is the mechanism of action of aciclovir?

Answer 35

Antiviral - inhibits viral DNA synthesis

Question 36

What organisms does chloramphenicol treat?

Answer 36

Most causes of bacterial conjunctivitis except pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 37

What does frusidic acid treat?

Answer 37

Staph aureus bacterial conjunctivitis

Question 38

What does gentamicin treat?

Answer 38

Gram negative bacteria

Question 39

What is the treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 39

Topical oxytetracycline If adult, give oral azithromycin for genital infection

Question 40

What is the treatment for bacterial keratitis?

Answer 40

Gentamicin and cefuroxine (treats more gram negative and gram positive)