Ophthalmology

Question 1

Fundoscopy appearance of diabetic retinopathy

Answer 1

Non-proliferative:
Micro aneurysms, haemorrhages, venous bleeding, hard exudates and cotton wool spots.
Proliferative: Neovascularisation

Question 2

Treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Answer 2

Laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF?

Question 3

Fundoscopy of hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 3

Arteriolar narrowing, silver wiring, AV nicking, retinopathy and papilloedema

Question 4

Symptom of both retinal artery and vein occlusion

Answer 4

Sudden painless vision loss of all (central occlusion) or part (branch occlusion) of vision

Question 5

Retinal artery occlusion fundoscopy

Answer 5

Swollen, pale retina and cherry red spot

Question 6

Treatment for central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 6

Under 24 hours is a ocular massage and then vascular management (carotid doppler)

Question 7

What is amaurosis fugax

Answer 7

Transient CRAO

Question 8

Symptoms of amaurosis fugax

Answer 8

Transcient painless vision loss, curtain coming down and 5 mins with full recovery

Question 9

Treatment of amaurosis fugax

Answer 9

Stroke referral and aspirin

Question 10

Fundoscopy of retinal vein occlusion

Answer 10

Tortous dilated vessels and wide-spread retinal haemorrhages

Question 11

Treatment for CRVO

Answer 11

Anti-VEGF

Question 12

Symptoms for retinal detachment

Answer 12

Four Fs (floaters, flashes, fall in acuity and field loss)

Question 13

Treatment for retinal detachment

Answer 13

Prompt surgical treatment

Question 14

Symptoms of wet macular degeneration

Answer 14

Central scotoma and distortion

Question 15

Symptoms of dry macular degeneration

Answer 15

Gradual decline in vision

Question 16

What are drusens and what disease

Answer 16

Build up of waste below RPE and dry age related macular degeneration

Question 17

What disease is associated with optic neuritis

Answer 17

MS

Question 18

Symptoms of optic neuritis

Answer 18

Progressive visual loss, pain behind eye especially on movement and colour desaturation

Question 19

Treatment of optic neuritis

Answer 19

Goes away itself

Question 20

What is glaucoma

Answer 20

Injury to the optic nerve associated with elevated intraocular pressure

Question 21

Describe acute angle closure glaucoma

Answer 21

Aqueous humour cannot leave the eye and causes increase pressure

Question 22

Symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma

Answer 22

Very painful, red eye, stony hard eye, nausea and vomting.

Question 23

Who is acute angle more common in

Answer 23

Hypermetropics

Question 24

Most common glaucoma

Answer 24

Open angle

Question 25

Treatment of glaucoma

Answer 25

Beta blockers eye drops, prostaglandin eye drops, alpha-agonists and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 26

Painful!, red eye, keratic precipitates, hypopyon, photophobia, synachiae

Answer 26

Anterior uveitis

Question 27

Diseases related to anterior uveitis

Answer 27

Reiters, UC, ank spon, sarcoid

Question 28

Treatment of anterior uveitis

Answer 28

Topical steroids (pred forte) and mydriatics (cyclopentolate)

Question 29

What is tepee sign

Answer 29

Lashes matted together in blepharitis

Question 30

Most common blepharitis

Answer 30

Mixed (anterior and posterior)

Question 31

What is the difference between anterior and posterior blepharitis

Answer 31

Anterior: around eye lashes, a reaction to staph aureus and associated with seborrhoeic dermatitis. Posterior: Glands blocked by debris/skin flakes and associated with rosacea and seborrhoeic dermatitis

Question 32

Treatment for blepharitis

Answer 32

Bathing/warm compresses, suplementary tears and oral doxycycline in worst cases

Question 33

What is a chalazion, ho does it present and treatment.

Answer 33

Blocked meibomian gland that may become infected and is a firm round lump of eyelid. Treatment is hot compression, antibiotic massage and in clinic an incision and curettage under local anaesthetic

Question 34

What is chorioretinitis

Answer 34

Inflammatory and exudative condition of the choroid and retina

Question 35

Symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis

Answer 35

Red eye, foreign body, discharge, papillae or follicles, chemosis and pre-auricular glands

Question 36

What is chemosis

Answer 36

Conjunctival oedema

Question 37

How is neonatal conjunctivitis usually caused

Answer 37

STD from birth canal

Question 38

What is the common organisms for bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 38

Staph aureus

Question 39

Tx of bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 39

Chloramphenicol

Question 40

Most common organism in viral conjunctivitis

Answer 40

Adenovirus

Question 41

What is hutchinsons sign

Answer 41

Herpes zoster along the nasociliary nerve

Question 42

Chlamydial conjunctivitis signs and symptoms

Answer 42

Red irrated eyes, subtarsal scarring, follicles

Question 43

Treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis

Answer 43

Oxytetracycline

Question 44

What dye shows abrasions

Answer 44

Fluroscein

Question 45

Treatment of corneal abrasion

Answer 45

Heal in a few days and deep may require antibiotics

Question 46

Corneal ulcer symptoms

Answer 46

Very painful (needle like), photophobia, lacrimation, circumcorneal red eye

Question 47

Where do autoimmune ulcers occur

Answer 47

Peripherally (limbus)

Question 48

What diseases are associated with corneal ulcer

Answer 48

Thyroid, sjorgens, keratitis and vitamin A deficiency

Question 49

What is dacryocystits

Answer 49

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac

Question 50

Treatment of dacryocystitis

Answer 50

Antibiotic eye drops

Question 51

What is endophthalmitis

Answer 51

Devastating infection inside the eye

Question 52

Symptoms of endophthalmitis

Answer 52

Very painful, decreasing vision, very very red eye

Question 53

Organism for endophthalmitis and how to diagnose

Answer 53

Staph epidermis with a aqueous/vitreous culture

Question 54

Treatment of endophthalmitis

Answer 54

Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin with a topical antibiotic (chlorophenicol)

Question 55

Which diseases show blanching/non-blanching on phenylephrine

Answer 55

Episcleritis will blanch and scleritis vessels will not

Question 56

What disease is epislceritis related to

Answer 56

Gout

Question 57

Treatment of episcleritis

Answer 57

Oral NSAIDs

Question 58

What is keratitis

Answer 58

A corneal infection

Question 59

Treatment of bacterial keratitis

Answer 59

Admission for hourly drops and ofloxacin or gentamicin and cefuroxime

Question 60

What is bacterial keratitis related to

Answer 60

Corneal pathology or contact lense wear

Question 61

What is a dendritic ulcer

Answer 61

Herpes simplex keratitis

Question 62

What should be avoided in dendritic ulcer and why

Answer 62

Steroids as it causes a corneal melt and perforation of the conrea

Question 63

Treatment of dendrtitic ulcers

Answer 63

Antivirals (aciclovir)

Question 64

What does adenoviral keratitis follow

Answer 64

URtI

Question 65

What is keratoconjuncitivtis sicca

Answer 65

Dry eye (sjorgens)

Question 66

What scan should be done in orbital cellulitis and why

Answer 66

CT to identify abscesses

Question 67

What is pinguecula and how are they caused

Answer 67

Yellowish, raised thickening of the conjunctiva over the sclera and caused by Iv exposure

Question 68

What is a pterygium

Answer 68

Benign growth of the conjuctiva

Question 69

Treatment of stye

Answer 69

Hot compression and antibiotics

Question 70

What is sympathetic opthalmia

Answer 70

Autoimmune granulomatous reaction to surgery or trauma in one eye and spreads to both eyes. Systemic steroids!