Ophthamology

Question 1

what muscles open the eye?

Answer 1

levator palpebrae superioris (skeletal m)
mullers m (smooth m)

Question 2

what produces the lipid part of tear film?

Answer 2

meibomian glands

Question 3

what produces the mucin/mucous portion of tear film?

Answer 3

conjunctiva

Question 4

what produces the aqueous part of the tear film?

Answer 4

lacrimal gland 70%
gland of the 3rd eyelid 30%q

Question 5

what muscles does the oculomotor n control?

Answer 5

dorsal rectus
ventral rectus
medial rectus
ventral oblique
levator palpebrae superioris

Question 6

what muscles does the abducens n control?

Answer 6

lateral rectus
retractor bulbi

Question 7

what muscle does the trochlear n control?

Answer 7

dorsal oblique

Question 8

what makes up the fibrous tunic?

Answer 8

cornea
sclera

Question 9

what makes up the vascular tunic?

Answer 9

choroid
ciliary bodies
iris

Question 10

what makes up the nervous tunic?

Answer 10

retina
optic n

Question 11

what are the five layers of the cornea? which are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 11

epithelium - hydrophobic
bowman layer (not in dog/cats)
stroma - hydrophilic
descemet’s membrane - hydrophobic
endothelium

Question 12

what are the four reasons the cornea is clear?

Answer 12

1. regularity of collagen fibers
2. very low cellularity
3. lack of blood & lymph vessels
4. relative dehydration

Question 13

what makes the cornea an obstacle for drug delievery?

Answer 13

it is relatively dehydrated

Question 14

what “bends the light” to provide the most refractive power of the eye

Answer 14

tear film

Question 15

how is the shape of the globe maintained?

Answer 15

aqueous humor in the anterior chamber

Question 16

what produces the aqueous humor?

Answer 16

ciliary bodies

Question 17

what cones do dogs have?

Answer 17

blue
yellow-green

makes them deuteranopia (red-green colorblind)

Question 18

what tapetum do dogs, cats, humans and ruminants have

Answer 18

holangiotic

Question 19

what tapetum do rabbits have

Answer 19

merangiotic

Question 20

what tapetum do equine and elephants have

Answer 20

paurangiotic

Question 21

what tapetum do birds and reptiles have

Answer 21

anagiotic

Question 22

what cranial n causes Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 22

none - loss of sympathetic tone

Question 23

purpose of frontal n block in equine?

Answer 23

block sensation of upper lid and cornea

Question 24

purpose of auriculopalpebral n block in equine?

Answer 24

block motor of upper lid (blink)

Question 25

what are the retinal reflexes?

Answer 25

PLR Dazzle

Question 26

what are the retinal responses?

Answer 26

menace maze testing

Question 27

red cornea?

Answer 27

blood

Question 28

white and whispy cornea?

Answer 28

fibrosis

Question 29

blue cornea?

Answer 29

edema/fluid

Question 30

black cornea?

Answer 30

pigment/melanin or sequestrum in cats

Question 31

sparkly white cornea?

Answer 31

lipid or mineral

Question 32

what does the present of flare mean?

Answer 32

protein in anterior chamber

Question 33

what do you use to dilate the eye

Answer 33

tropicamide

Question 34

what do you use to numb the eye

Answer 34

proparocaine

Question 35

normal Schirmer tear test? species? location?

Answer 35

15 mm / min not in cats lateral 2/3 of inferior eyelid

Question 36

what does the fluorescein stain evaluate

Answer 36

ulcers tear film Jones test (nasolacrimal patency) Seidel's test (leakage)

Question 37

normal IOP

Answer 37

8-25 mmHg (no more than 3-5 mmHg discrepancy between eyes)

Question 38

when is IOP elevated? decreased?

Answer 38

elevated with glaucoma decreased with uveitis and old age

Question 39

definition: squinting of the eye

Answer 39

blepharospasm

Question 40

definition: swelling of lids

Answer 40

blepharitis

Question 41

definition: inability or incomplete blinking

Answer 41

lagophthalmos

Question 42

definition: where the upper and lower eyelids meet (nasal and lateral)

Answer 42

canthus

Question 43

definition: region under the eyelid (where foreign bodies get trapped)

Answer 43

fornix

Question 44

definition: excessive tearing

Answer 44

epiphora

Question 45

what findings might you have with a dog with a facial n paralysis?

Answer 45

absent menace & palpebral intact facial sensation KCS "neurogenic dry eye" no tear production xeromycteria (1/2 nose dry)

Question 46

causes of facial n paralysis

Answer 46

idiopathic (most common) trauma infection neoplasia iatrogenic hypothyroidism nasopharyngeal polyps

Question 47

what treatment is for immune mediated blepharitis "staphylococcal blepharitis"

Answer 47

oral steroid (1mg/kg/day) oral antibiotic (cephalosporins) NOT topical meds

Question 48

what is trichiasis? clinical signs?

Answer 48

normal hair touching the eye vascular keratitis

Question 49

treatment for trichiasis?

Answer 49

lubrication cryotherapy blepharoplasty surgery

Question 50

what is distichia? source and clinical signs?

Answer 50

modified hair follicles at lid margin source: meibomian glands dogs are not clinical

Question 51

clinical signs of ectopic cilia?

Answer 51

irritated eyes and corneal ulceration

Question 52

treatment for distichia and ectopic cilia?

Answer 52

manual epilation cryosurgery radiofrequency epilation surgical excision

Question 53

causes of entropion

Answer 53

congenital/inherited spastic cicatricial fat loss/atrophy

Question 54

treatment for entropion?

Answer 54

temp tack HA filler injection surgery (holtz, wedge, blepharoplasty)

Question 55

ectropion treatment

Answer 55

surgical correction

Question 56

what is eyelid agenesis in cats?

Answer 56

congenital defect of dorsal lateral lid

Question 57

treatment for eyelid agenesis in cats?

Answer 57

lubricating drops cryotherapy robert-bishner lip to lid blepharoplasty

Question 58

most common canine eyelid masses

Answer 58

meibomian gland adenoma papilloma melanoma MCT SCC

Question 59

treatment for common canine eyelid masses?

Answer 59

1. debulk and cryotherapy 2. wedge resection

Question 60

common feline eyelid masses

Answer 60

SCC fibrosarcoma MCT lymphoma (1* & 2*) basal cell carcinoma apocrine hydrocystoma

Question 61

most common eyelid tumors in horses

Answer 61

SCC sarcoid melanoma fibrosarcoma lymphoma (2*)

Question 62

most common eyelid tumors in bovine

Answer 62

SCC

Question 63

most common tumor of feline, equine and bovine? association?

Answer 63

SCC lack of pigment and UV exposure

Question 64

where do SCC commonly occur

Answer 64

lower eyelid third eyelid lateral limbus

Question 65

if a dog had an eyelid laceration/wedge resection, what suture/pattern would you use in SQ? skin?

Answer 65

SQ - 4-0,6-0 braided suture skin - 4-0,5-0 nylon figure 8 at lid margin + simple interrupted or cruciate to finish

Question 66

treatment for follicular conjunctivitis?

Answer 66

self limiting can give neopolydex if irritation/discharge

Question 67

cause of plasmoma? treatment?

Answer 67

immune mediated - atypical pannus cyclosporine or topical steroid

Question 68

treatment of cherry eye?

Answer 68

morgan pocket technique

Question 69

large giant breed with something similar to cherry eye is most likely what?

Answer 69

scrolled cartilage

Question 70

treatment for scrolled cartilage?

Answer 70

removal of bent cartilage thermocautery

Question 71

most common location of SCC

Answer 71

lateral canthus

Question 72

treatment of eye neoplasia

Answer 72

surgical excision - often curative