OPIC Flashcards
(14 cards)
WHat is the difference between learning difficulty and learning disability
a learning disability constitutes a condition which affects learning and intelligence across all areas of life,
whereas a learning difficulty constitutes a condition which creates an obstacle to a specific form of learning,
but does not affect the overall IQ of an individual
WHat is dyspraxia
Main difficulty: Motor coordination – physical movement and planning
Common signs:
Clumsy or uncoordinated movements
Difficulty with tasks like handwriting, using cutlery, tying shoelaces
Poor spatial awareness
WHat is dyscalculia
Main difficulty: Understanding numbers and mathematical concepts
Common signs:
Struggling to tell time, remember times tables
Difficulty with basic arithmetic
Trouble with sequencing (e.g. steps in a process)
What is dysgraphia
Main difficulty: Writing – both the physical act and the ability to express ideas in writing
Common signs:
Illegible handwriting
Trouble organising thoughts on paper
Slow writing speed
Spelling issues
Please name 4 ways a rehabilitation unit can help patient prognosis?
- Physical re-conditioning (physiotherapy)
- Occupational therapy assessment to adapt accommodation
- Mental/cognitive therapy
- Speech and language therapy to address any new/pre-existing communication issues
What are the palliative meds
Pain – Opioid (morphine, fentanyl)
* Breathlessness – Midazolam/Opioid
* Anxiety – Midazolam
* Delirium/agitation – Levomepromazine
* Nausea/vomiting – cyclizine, levomepromazine
* Secretions in chest – hyoscine hydrobromide, glycopyrronium bromide
What are the 5 stages of grief
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining - trying to find meaning behind actions
- Depression - hostility, avoidance
- Acceptance - exploring opportunities and moving forwards
What tests confirm delirium
Confusion Assessment Method (short-CAM)
4As Test
Explain the confusion assessment method for delirium
The CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) Criteria for Delirium:
1) Confusion that has developed suddenly and fluctuates, and
2) Inattention – ask if the person is easily distracted or has difficulty focusing attention,
and either:
3) Disorganised thinking – ask if the person’s thinking is disorganised, incoherent, illogical, or unpredictable
(for example, they have an unclear flow of ideas, change subject unpredictably, or have rambling or irrelevant conversation),
or
4) Altered level of consciousness – ask about changes in level of alertness, such as:
Lethargy (drowsy, easily aroused)
Stupor (difficult to arouse)
Comatose (unable to be aroused)
Hypervigilant (hyper-alert)
What is the 4AT test for delirium
The 4AT test measures someone’s:
Alertness – whether the person is drowsy or agitated
Awareness – for example, of the current year and where they are
Attention – for example, how well the person is able to name the months of the year backwards from December
Acute change or fluctuating course – whether symptoms started suddenly or are now coming and going
What are the causes of delirium
PINCH ME
Pain
Infection
Nutrition
Constipation
Hydration
Medication
Environment
Why do we complete datix forms
Why we complete Datix forms:
To report incidents or near misses
E.g. medication errors, patient falls, delayed treatment, staff injuries, etc.
Even if no harm occurred, near misses help identify risks.
To learn and prevent future harm
It allows healthcare teams and managers to investigate what went wrong and how to stop it happening again.
To promote a culture of safety and accountability
Encourages open, blame-free reporting so staff feel safe raising concerns.
To meet legal, professional, and NHS standards
NHS trusts are required to monitor and act on patient safety incidents.
To provide evidence for audits or investigations
Helps in serious incident reviews, complaints, and quality improvement projects.
WHat is pernicious anaemia and its pathophysiology
Auto-antibodies directed against parietal cells and intrinsic factor, preventing the absorption of B12 in the
terminal ileum
