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Ophthalmology > OPT 2222 Lesson 4 > Flashcards

OPT 2222 Lesson 4 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Are there more humans or microbes on Earth?

A

Microbes

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2
Q

What are “good” microbes called - the ones that live on the body without normally

A

Resident or Indigenous Flora

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3
Q

What are infectious diseases caused by?

A

Microbes

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4
Q

2 Million children a year are killed by what?

A

Diarrheal Illness

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5
Q

What could stop 1/3 of ALL Infections?

A

Soap and water

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6
Q

What is the most common resident flora on the human body?

A

Staphylococcus aurous

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7
Q

How do resident flora cause illness?

A

They get into areas that are normally microbe free (INSIDE the eye)

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8
Q

If a mother has a STD where will it be transmitted to on the baby?

A

Ocular Conjunctiva, and Cornea

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9
Q

What is a benefit of resident flora?

A

If the space is occupied by friendly flora, then there is no room for pathogens. Prevents over growth of pathogens

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10
Q

What are the most common ways for an eye to become infected?

A

Infected from external sources or from the blood stream

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11
Q

What is an Endogenous Infection?

A

Infection caused by resident flora gets into a Microbe-free area such as the inside of the eye

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of Eye Infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus - its on our skin (eye lids)

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13
Q

Baby eye infections acquired during birth are called what?

A

Ophthalmia neonatorum

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14
Q

Microbes that cause illness are called?

A

Pathogens

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15
Q

An Intraocular (IO) infection is called?

A

Endophthalmitis

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16
Q

Which meds do u’ put in baby eyes when they are born?

A

Erithromicin Oilment

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17
Q

What are the skin populations of Flora?

A

1) transients: Influenced by hygiene. Remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or mo. b4 disappearing. It can’t persist due to competition from other microorganism.
2) Resident: Stable and Predictable

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18
Q

What are commensals or mutualistic bacteria?

A

They live together and are mutual

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19
Q

Which are the external barriers that protect the eyes?

A

Eyelid, oil glands, eyebrows.

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20
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Cause diseases when host’s defenses are compromised and they end up where they don’t belong

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21
Q

Infectious Dose(ID)

A

Minimum Number of Microbes Required for infection.
Ex. Measles (one viral particle)
Gonorrhea ( 1000 Bacteria)

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22
Q

What are True Pathogens?

A

Pathogens that cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses

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23
Q

How do pathogens adhere to host cells?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Fimbrae - figure like structures
  2. Flagella - makes them motile (Tail)
  3. Adhesive slimes or capsules
  4. Cillia - Hairs
  5. Barbs - Hooks
24
Q

What microbes like to defeat host cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

25
How does Staphylococcus and Streptococcus defeat the host cells?
Produce antiphagocytic factors 1. Leukocidines - Toxic to WBC 2. Exoenzymes - Dissolve extracellular barriers, penetrate cells 3. Exotoxins - Strong specificity for target cells Hemolsins A & B Toxins 4. Endotoxins - Typical of Gram (-) - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) released as part of outer membrane cell walls
26
What does Lipopolysccharides (LPS) from Gram (-) pathogens cause?
It causes Hyper-osmosis which breaks down the normal osmotic pump in the intestinal lining causing severe diarrhea.
27
What are the stages of clinical infection?
1. Incubation - Gets in and grows 2. Prodrome - Replication (Don't know infected) 3. Invasion - Spreading, showing symptoms 4. Convalescence - Recovering after immune system defeats the infection
28
What is incubation and prodrome?
From the time of initial contact to the appearance of symptoms. You feel like something is coming on. Agent is multiplying, but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms
29
What is invasion
Microbe multiplies at high levels. It has become established and is taking over organ systems. You have inflammation and signs and symptoms
30
What is convalescence?
The body fought it off and is recovering. The body stores the pathogen information for future encounters. Symptoms reducing.
31
What are signs of convalescence in an eye infection?
Vision Improves, Redness, swelling and discharge are reduced
32
How long does it take your body to defeat a cold?
5 to 7 days
33
How long does it take the body to defeat a cold when you boost your immune system?
5 to 7 days
34
What is a localized infection?
A microbe is confined to the point of infection | For example - Red eye, or the adnexa (Peri orbital skin)
35
What is a Focal Infection?
Localized infection that breaks loose and causes infection at other parts of the body. You put something in your conjunctiva that causes a local infection, but it moves to another part of the body
36
What is a Systemic Infection
Starts as a local infection, penetrates the circulatory system and spreads throughout the body to other tissues and organs
37
Why are eye infections so dangerous?
Because the eyes have a direct rout to the brain
38
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
1. Tumor: Swelling 2. Rubor: Redness 3. Calor: Heat 4. Dolor: Pain 5. Funcio Laesa: Loss of Fx
39
Septicemia
Microorganisms multiply and travel in bloodstream
40
Bacteremia
Sm. #s of bacteria present in blood
41
Viremia
Sm. #s of viruses in bloodstream
42
Asymptomatic Individual
Infected w/ a microbe showing no signs of diseases
43
Reservoirs of Infection
A carrier is aa person who, symptomatic or not, spreads the infection to others
44
Non Living Reservoirs
Soil, Water, and Air
45
Communicable Disease
When an infected host infects another ( contagious)
46
Modes of transmission
Direct: Physical Contact Indirect: from infected host to an intermediate then to another host
47
Nosocomial Infection
Infection acquired at a healthcare setting. Often with drug resistant organisms. E. Coli Pseudomonas Staphylococcus
48
Universal Precautions
Prevent the spread of infections All physical contact must be considered hazardous Health care workers and Farmers get the worst infections - Antibiotics do not work
49
Epidemiology
The study of the frequency and distribution of diseases
50
Surveillance
Collecting and analyzing and reporting data on rate of occurrence, mortality, morbidity, and transmission of infection
51
Morbidity
How many people have the disease
52
Mortality
How many people have died because of the disease
53
Endemic
Disease with a steady frequency over time in a particular area - Such as trachoma or malaria in Panama
54
Sporadic
Occasional cases at irregular intervals such as SARS
55
Epidemic
Increasing prevalence of a disease beyond expectations Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) Pink Eye (infections) (Pt needs to be quarantined)
56
How do you prevent EKC?
WASH HANDS, use gloves, Q-tips and get them out of the office!!
57
How does inflammation work on the body?
1. Limit spread of and destroys the pathogen 2. Remove cellular debris 3. Initiate tissue repair

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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