OPT1210 Exam 1 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Greek word for thought/word
A
logos
2
Q
What is the study/science of eyes?
A
Ophthalmology
3
Q
What does the field of ophthalmology encompass?
A
Anatomy Physiology Optics Pathology Pharmacology Medicine Surgery
4
Q
What is the eye?
A
The brain
5
Q
What are the 5 senses and nerves that sense them?
A
Hearing - auditory nerve
Smell - cranial nerve 1 (olfactory nerve)
Touch - proreceptive nerves all over body
Taste - sensory nerves in tongue
Vision - cranial nerve 2 (optic nerve)
6
Q
What is the body’s most important organ?
A
Eyes
85% of everything we have learned came through our eyes
7
Q
Are our eyes the same?
A
Eyes are bilaterally symmetrical
8
Q
What interprets visual imagery and makes sense of it?
A
Occipital cortex
9
Q
What is the clarity with which you see called?
A
Visual acuity
10
Q
What is the comparison between an image and its surroundings called?
A
Contrast
11
Q
Why do some people get carsick?
A
Vestibular-ocular mismatch
The sense of movement is fooled by what the eye sees
12
Q
Structures of eye and orbit
A
Pupil Iris Sclera Upper and lower eyelids Caruncle
13
Q
How do you produce tears?
A
Blinking
The eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus
14
Q
What parts of eye have focusing power?
A
Cornea - 85% of focusing power
Crystalline lens - 15% of focusing power
15
Q
Extra ocular anatomy
A
Six extra ocular muscles (4 recti; medial rectus is widest)
Conjunctiva - covers sclera
Cornea - corneal-scleral junction is limbus
Iris - colored part of eye
16
Q
Intra ocular anatomy
A
Crystalline lens and Zonules - threads that connect/control movement of lens
Fluids (aqueous and vitreous)
Retina
17
Q
Greek word for eye
A
ophthalmos
18
Q
Intra ocular fluids
A
Aqueous humour - anterior chamber
Vitreous gel - posterior chamber
19
Q
Rods are responsible for what?
A
Scotopic night vision
20
Q
Cones are responsible for what?
A
Photopic day vision
21
Q
What contains 4000 cone cells (no rods)?
A
Fovea
22
Q
What wavelengths do cones perceive?
A
Red
Green
Blue
23
Q
Pathway of light
A
Through tear film cornea, aqueous humour lens vitreous cavity to stigma (single point of focus)
24
Q
optic nerve
A
one for each eye
25
optic chiasm
1/2 of vision in each eye goes to each side of brain
26
occipital cortex
LGN, optic radiation, primary visual cortex (occipital lobes)
27
How many bones make up orbit?
7
28
Principle of Refraction
Snell's Law
| Light is bent as it passes from a less dense to a more dense medium
29
What is 20/20?
normal vision: emmetropia
30
What is Nearsightedness?
Myopia
31
What is Farsightedness?
Hyperopia
32
What is Blurry focus?
Astigmatism
33
What does a Phoropter measure?
Lens power
34
What is an ICL?
Implantable Contact Lens
35
What are the top five causes of blindness?
```
Age-related macular dengeneration
Cataracts
Diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma
Corneal opacification
```
36
What is a cataract?
A Clouding of the natural lens of the eye.
37
How are cataracts repaired?
```
Cataract surgery
Topical anesthesia
Microincision
Capsulorrhexis
Phacoemulsification
Irrigation and Aspiration of Lens Cortex
Implantation of Intraocular Lens (IOL)
```
38
What is glaucoma?
An increase in intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve. It reduces peripheral vision.
39
What are the diseases of the Retina?
Age-related macular degeneration
| Diabetic retinopathy
40
Front
Anterior
41
Back
Posterior
42
Top
Superior
43
Bottom
Inferior
44
Middle
Median or Medial
45
Adjacent to Middle
Paramedian
46
To the Side
Lateral
47
Around
Peri
48
Between
Inter or Intra (within)
49
Divides body into right and left halves
Saggital plane
Medial
Longitudinal
50
Divides body into front and back
Coronal or Frontal plane
| Cross-section
51
Divides body into upper and lower
Transverse plane
| Horizontal
52
Chemical hierarchy
```
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
```
53
What is a chemical element?
The simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties
54
Structure of an Atom
```
Nucleus - center of atom
Has protons (+ charge) and
Neutrons (no charge)
Electron shells surround nucleus and have a - charge
```
55
How many elements have a biological role and which elements comprise 98.5% of body weight (or the eye)?
```
28 elements have a biological role. 6 most prevalent in body:
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Calcium
```
56
What is an ion?
An atom with a + or - charge
57
What is an Anion?
An atom with a - charge that has gained an electron
58
What is a Cation?
An atom with a + charge that has lost an electron
59
What cells are thin and flat and found on the surface?
Squamous
60
What cells are irregularly angular with 4 or more sides and need to make contact with other cells?
Polygonal
61
What cells are square and for stacking/structure?
Cuboidal
62
What cells are rectangular (taller than wider)?
Columnar
63
What cells are round and need to roll or be in motion?
Spheroid
64
What cells are disc-shaped (taco shaped) and need to squeeze through openings?
Discoid
65
What cells have spikes and need to stay in contact with other cells?
Stellate
66
What is a long peptide chain made of the 26 amino acids?
Membrane proteins
| Comprise 2% of cell membrane but 50% of its weight
67
What cells need to stretch and contract?
Fusiform
68
What cells need to provide structure?
Fibrous
69
What are the 3 ways things are transported through membrane?
Passive transport - goes through on own
Active transport - requires energy to go through
Osmosis - movement of water across a membrane
70
What cells have a cell membrane?
Human eukaryotic cells
71
What are cell membranes comprised of?
Lipid bilayer with Polar (phosphate heads)
72
What is tonicity?
Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell
Deals with concentration of salt
73
What is Isotonic?
Same concentration of salt outside and inside
Cell size does not change
Normal saline is same as body tissue composition
74
What is normal saline?
0.9% NaCl in 1 liter of water
75
What is Hypotonic?
Low concentration of salt 0.45% NaCl (1/2 normal saline)
| Cells absorb water, swell and burst (lyse)
76
What is Hypertonic?
High concentration of salt >0.9% NaCl
| Cells lose water and shrivel (crenate)
77
What are chromosomes?
Tightly wound package of genetic material
| 46 DNA molecules (23 pairs + 1 pair sex chromosomes)
78
What is the structure of DNA?
Polymer of nucleotides
Phosphate - backbone of purine or protomine
Sugar - deoxyribose
Deoxyribose - Nitrogenous base
79
What is a gene?
Codes for one protein
80
What is a genome?
All the genes of a person (30,000 -35,000)
98% of DNA is "junk" or regulatory (turns other genes on or off)
All humans are 99% genetically identical
81
What is a normal karyotype?
Distribution of 23 pairs of chromosomes of cell (seen only in metaphase)
82
What was the Human Genome Project?
Race to map entire base sequence (A, T, C, G)
1990-2003
Watson and Crick
83
What are dominant alleles?
Produce protein responsible for visible trait
| Phenotype
84
What are recessive alleles?
Expressed only when both alleles are recessive
85
What are 2 or more loci contributing to a single phenotypic trait?
Polygenic inheritance
| e.g. skin color, eye color, alcoholism, heart disease
86
What is the study of tissues?
Histology
87
What is a collection of similar cells that arose from the same region of embryo?
Tissue
88
How many cell types are in the human body?
200
89
What are the four classes of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
90
What is the study of tissues for organ formation?
Microscopic anatomy
91
What are composed of two or more different types of tissues and form "discrete boundaries"?
Organ structures
92
What is the beginning of the development of a human being from a cell?
Embryogenesis
93
How many germ cell layers of embryonic disc are there? What are they?
Three;
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
94
From what germ cell layer does Neural: RPE, retina, iris muscles and optic nerve and Surface: Lens, epithelium, and lacrimal gland originate?
Ectoderm
95
From what germ cell layer does bones, muscle, cartilage, blood, and lymphoid tissue originate?
Mesoderm
96
From what germ cell layer does gut and respiratory epithelium and glands originate (not ocular)?
Endoderm
97
What is the "strings and glue" that holds cells together?
Fibrous proteins
| Ground substance
98
How do you prepare a histological specimen?
Fixative prevents decay (Formalin)
Embedded in paraffin wax
Sliced into thin sections 1 or 2 cells thick
Stained to show cellular components
Placed on glass slide and covered for viewing under microscope
99
What does epi- mean?
on top
100
What does -thelium mean?
tissue
101
What are the characteristics of epithelium?
Layers of closely adhering cells
No blood vessels
Underlying connective tissue supplies oxygen
Rests on basement membrane (basal cells) that
anchors epithelium to connective tissue
102
What is simple epithelium?
```
one layer of cells
simple squamous (flat)
```
103
What is simple cuboidal epithelium?
single row of cube-shaped cells - formed to create a conduit (ducts)
104
What is simple columnar epithelium?
Single row of tall, narrow cells - formed where absorption occurs (the lining of the gut)
105
What is stratified epithelia?
more than one layer of cells
106
What is pseudostratified epithelia?
more than one layer of cells of different sizes and shapes
107
Where are keratinized cells located?
In outer layer (hair, skin, nails)
| dead cells
108
Where is thickest skin located?
Soles of feet and palms of hands
109
What allows cells to communicate and allows passage between them?
Intercellular junctions
110
What holds cells together?
Connective Tissue
111
What is the most abundant and variable tissue in the human body?
Connective Tissue
112
What is connective tissue?
Widely spaced cells separated by fibers and ground substance
113
What is the most abundant connective tissue in the body?
Soft areolar tissue
114
What do adipocytes do?
Store triglycerides
115
What is around eye that lets it move freely?
adipose tissue and orbital fat
116
Adipose cells have what pushed to cell membrane?
nucleus
117
What cells are in connective tissue?
Macrophages - phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system and arise from monocytes (WBCs)
Neutrophils - prevent infection, deployed to site of injury
Plasma cells - synthesize antibodies
Mast cells - induce inflammation (heparin & histamine)
118
What fibers are in connective tissue?
Collagen - largest macro molecule in body, tough, stretch resistant
Elastin - specialized form of collagen, stretches
Ground substance
119
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal - long, striated, powerful, most prevalent
Cardiac - intercalated disks, only in heart, never rests
Smooth - involuntary, control orafices, tubes, vessel walls
120
Where is skeletal muscle in the eye?
ocular muscles
121
Where is smooth muscle in the eye?
Iris - short fusiform cells
122
What is replacement of damaged cells with original cells called?
Regeneration
123
What is replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue called?
Fibrosis
124
How are wounds healed?
```
Damaged vessels leak blood
Histamine is released to induce inflammation
clot forms
scab forms
macrophages clean up debris
new capillaries grow
fibroblasts deposit new collagen
epithelial cells multiply
scab falls off
epithelium thickens
connective tissue forms
```
125
Can all ocular tissues heal?
No
Lens and Retina cannot
Most heal by fibrosis and scarring (associated with a loss of function)
126
What are the 12 organ systems?
```
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Urinary
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Digestive
Reproductive (Male and Female)
```
127
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Skin (15% of body weight)
128
Where is the thinnest skin in the human body?
Eyelid
129
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis (from Ectoderm)
Dermis (from Mesoderm)
Connective Tissue Layer
Hypodermis
130
What produces alpha keratin - the tough outer coat of the skin, hair and nails and comprises 85% of all skin cells?
Keratinocytes
131
What synthesizes pigment that shields UV light?
Melanocytes
132
What are the layers of the Epidermis?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
133
Where does a subcutaneous injection go?
Between the dermis and epidermis
| about a 3/8 inch needle
134
Where does an intradermal injection go?
In the dermis
135
Where does a hypodermic injection go?
In the hypodermis to be picked up by the blood supply
| about a 3/4 inch needle
136
Where does a intramuscular injection (depo injection) go?
In the muscle below the hypodermis
| Give this type if want med to sit there
137
What may someone with a hemangioma on the left side of the face, near the eye, be at risk for?
Glaucoma (increased pressure)
138
What is a hemangioma?
An abnormal growth of vessels (capillary bed) in hypodermis
139
How much exposure to UV light is safe?
None
140
What makes up bone?
Osseous matrix:
1/3 organic (collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
2/3 inorganic (85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, Fluoride, Potassium and Magnesium)
141
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial (trunk) 80 bones
| Appendicular (limbs) 132 bones
142
How many bones in human skeleton?
Adult 212
| Birth 270
143
What bones comprise the axial skeleton?
```
Central axis
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
Sacrum
Coccyx
```
144
What bones comprise the appendicular skeleton?
Four Girdles - Shoulders and Pelvic
| Arms and Legs
145
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
```
Receptors
Enzymes
Channel proteins (gates)
Identity markers
Adhesion molecules
```
146
In which layer of epidermis are cells dead, keratinized and up to 30 layers thick (7 layers in eyelids)?
Stratum Corneum
147
In what layer of epidermis do cells begin to lose nuclei, are 3-5 layers of keratinocytes and are hydrophobic (create a waterproof barrier)?
Stratum granulosum
148
What layer of epidermis is dendritic, has Langerhans cells and macrophages?
Stratum Spinosum
149
What layer of epidermis sits on basement membrane, has melanocytes, Merkel cells and is the origin of basal cell carcinoma?
Stratum Basale
