Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

neuro > opthalamology > Flashcards

opthalamology Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is blepharitis?

A

chronic inflammation of lid margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

who is at more risk of blepharitis?

A
  • More common and severe in elderly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the symptoms of blepharitis?

A

Symptoms: often intermittent with exacerbations and remissions occurring over long periods
- Burning, itching – maybe crusting
- Worse in mornings – more crusty
- Both eyes are affected
- Recurrent hordeolum – styes
- Contact lens intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what conditions are associated to blepharitis?

A

dry eye disease
seborrheic dermatitis
rosacea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do you manage blepharitis?

A
  • Requires ongoing maintenance, self care – eyelid hygiene and warm compresses
  • Diluted baby shampoo with warm water and wipe along margins
  • If self care is ineffective  topical antibiotic eg chloramphenicol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is chalazion?

A

Meibomian cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the pathophysiology of chalazion?

A

The cyst is a sterile, inflame granuloma caused by obstruction of sebaceous gland
Pathophys: causes gland to enlarge and rupture spontaneously or persist as chronic nodule
- May develop acutely with oedematous erythematous eyelid or arise as firm, painless nodule
- If secondary infection: can spread from preseptal cellulitis requiring oral/ IV Abx  orbital or periorbital cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the management of Meibomian cyst (chalazion)?

A

Management: mainly self limiting
- Warm compress and gently massage – go towards eye lid to follow normal path of drainage
- If persistent: refer to ophthalmologist  incision and curettage
- No treatment if meibomian cyst is small and asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the other name for a stye?

A

hordeolum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a stye/ hordeolum?

A

acute localised infection or inflammation of eyelid margin. Bacterial infection is usually caused by staph infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is an external stye located?

A

on eyelid margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes an external stye?

A
  • Infection of eyelash follicle and associated with sebaceous apocrine gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is an internal stye?

A

occurs on conjunctival surface of eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes an internal stye?

A
  • Infection of meibomian gland – situated within tarsal plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do you manage a stye?

A
  • Self care: usually self limiting and rarely causes serious complications
  • Warm compress 5-10 mins 2-4x daily
  • Do not attempt to puncture stye – no squeezing
  • Avoid eye makeup/ contact lens
  • Painful styes: eyelash form infected follicle removed, incision and drainage, topical Abx ( chlorophenicol)
  • Refer: if not improving or large/ painful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is ectropion?

A

outward rotation of eyelid margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what can cause ectropion?

A

Pathophys: most commonly due to horizontal lid laxity – loss of elasticity and muscle tone
- Other aetiology: due to skin trauma, burns, skin tumours, actinic changes to skin due to prolonged sun exposure
- Paralytic causes: facial palsies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the symptoms of ectropion?

A

Symptoms: sore red and watery eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the management of mild ectropion?

A
  • Mild: no treatment but advise rubbing eye lids may cause more lid laxity  tapping lids closed at night when risk of corneal exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can be used to manage moderate ectropion?

A
  • Ocular lubricants: for tear deficiency related to symptoms – drops in day and ointment in day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is entropion of the eyelid?

A

inward rotation of tarsus and lid margin- usually lower eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the pathophys of entropion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Pathophys: loss of elasticity and muscle tone of eyelids usually with AGE
- LASHES THEN come into contact with ocular surface
- Presents as foreign body sensation and irritation eith red watery eye and blurring of vision

23
Q

what ways can manage entropion?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Tapping eyelid to check
  • Injecting muscles of eyelid with BOTOX
  • Lubricating eye to protect front of eye
  • Severe  refer and small operation can be performed to turn eyelid back to normal position
24
Q

what is ptosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

droopy eye
>2mm of cornea covered by eyelid

25
what is pseudoptosis?
one eye affected
26
what could be unilateral differentials of ptosis?
involutional changes, congenital, 3rd nerve palsy, Horner’s syndrome, trauma to levator muscle
27
what could be bilateral ptosis differentials?
involutional changes, congenital, myasthenia gravis (one side can be more affected), myotonic dystrophy, mitochondrial myopathies, dermatochalasis, trauma to levator muscle
28
what allows for eyelid elevation?
: oculomotor nerve innervates: levator palpebrae and supreriorns as well as superior tarsal palate
29
what chain allows for pupil constriction?
- Pupil constriction: parasympathetic
30
what chain allows for pupil dilation?
sympathetic
31
what allows for extra-ocular movements?
- Extra-ocular movements: innervates trochlear (superior oblique), abducens (lateral rectus) and oculomotor (medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique)
32
when is dermatochalasis frequent?
patients with recurrent blepharitis which have now resolved
33
what is dermatochalasis?
- Excessive skin on upper and lower eye lid - Complicated with entropion and blepharitis
34
what is involutional ptosis?
drooping of eyelids seen in elderly - normal
35
what are the genetic components of myotonic dystrophy?
Pathophys: trinucleotide repeats (DM1) and tetranucleotide repeats (DM2) – seen through generations - Normally have 5-30 repeats, this has 50 to 2000 repeats faulty genes
36
describe the muscle weakness that is seen within myotonic dystrophy?
- Muscle weakness and wasting (lower motor neurone) – bilateral ptosis, wasting of muscles in hands, face, jaw – little lines on forehead (comes in towards cheekbones) , hatchet jaw (comes in but droopy)
37
describe the prolonged contractions/ delayed relaxation seen within myotonic dystrophy?
- Prolonged contraction/ delayed relaxation: percussion myotonia, difficulty in relaxing – grip (when grip hands, they do not release instantly like you would once told to release – hands may spasm after release)
38
apart from muscle weakness, delayed relaxation/ prolonged contraction, what else is seen within myotonic dystrophy?
- Male pattern balding - Cataracts – can be in one eye - Diabetes – type 1 - Gynaecomastia - Low IQ - Heart conduction defects – heart block, AF, arrhythmias
39
what is the pathology behind horners syndrome?
Pathophys: sympathetic supply to eye interrupted and the parasympathetic overrides the affected side - Sympathetic chain runs form base of skull to coccyx – can affect any nearby structures on route eg aorta
40
what are the symptoms seen within horners syndrome?
Symptoms: ptosis, meiosis (small pupils), enophthalmos (sunken in eyes), anhydrosis (little or no sweating of that side of face)
41
what central aetiologies can lead to horners?
- CVA – central vascular accident – interruption of blood flow to brain - Syringomyelia - Syringomyelia is a neurological disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx) forms within the spinal cord. The syrinx can get big enough to damage the spinal cord and compress and injure the nerve fibres - Meningitis and encephalitis - Brain/ spinal cord tumour - Trauma – central
42
what preganglionic pathologies (in chest) cause horners?
- Cervical rib – should not be there - Lymphadenopathy - Thyroid mass – goitre, tumour, surgery - Lung apex pathology eg Pancoast tumour - Thoracic aorta, subclavian aneurysm – aortic dissection - Trauma – chest
43
what post ganglionic pathologies cause horners (neck and upwards in spine)
- Carotid artery dissection/ aneurysm - Cavernous sinus thrombosis - Middle ear infection - Cluster headaches - Trauma – neck and head
44
what are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
Symptoms: better in morning and worsening in evening – fatiguability - Ocular – ptosis and diplopia (double vision)  first symptom - Bulbar – dysphagia, dysphonia and dysarthria - Facial – droopy mouth, less forehead lines, - Limb, trink, resp weakness  as it progresses
45
what tests demonstrate fatigability indicating myasthenia gravis?
- Simpsons; look up and observe for worsening ptsosis - Repeatedly test flap arm for a minute and then test power (initially push down on chicken elbows and then flap arms for 30x times and then push down again on chicken elbows  should easily push to sides) - Reflexes and sensation are usually in tact - Muscle wasting can occur if prolonged activity
46
what conditions is myasthenia gravis associated with?
- Associated with other AI conditions especially thyroid
47
what investigations are done for myasthenia gravis?
- TENSILON test – using edrophonium and atropine will improve symptoms in seconds - Acetylcholine receptor antibodies - EMG – assess fatiguability - Imaging of thymus – CT  this makes the auto antibodies - Spirometry – access resp muscle involvement – FVC or single breath counting
48
how do you manage myasthenia gravis?
- Pyridostigmine – acetylcholinesterase inhib - Steroids and immunosuppressives – azathioprine, methotrexate - Thymectomy if hyperplasia oh thyoma
49
what is labert - eaton myasthenic syndrome?
- Antibodies to pre-synaptic voltage gates calcium channels in NMJ - Associated with AB to voltage gated calium channels
50
what symptoms are seen with lamert -eaton myasthenic syndrome?
Symptoms: weakness in arms and legs
51
what is lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome associated to?
- 60% have associated malignancy usually small cell lung cancer
52
what are the signs of 3rd nerve palsy?
Symptoms: - Ptosis - Mydriasis – enlarged pupil - Eye facing down and out - Enophthalamus
53
what can cause 3rd nerve palsy?
Aetiology: diabetes, atherosclerosis, posterior communicating artery aneurysm, SoL, brain infection/ inflammation, cavernous sinus thrombosis, MS
54

neuro (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions