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MBBS / MBChB finals > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma

A 
Pain 
Headache
Blurred vision
Halo around light
Nausea
Red eye
Unreactive pupil
Increased intraocular pressure
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2
Q

Symptoms of a blowout fracture

A

Fractured orbital floor
Upward gaze palsy
Diplopia on upward gaze

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3
Q

Causes of sudden loss of vision

A 
Retinal artery occlusion 
Retinal vein occlusion
Amaurosis fugax
Migraine
Episcleritis
Optic neuritis
Retinal detachment
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4
Q

Normal intra-ocular pressure

A

10-21mm/Hg

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5
Q

Diabetes is a risk factor for which eye diseases

A 
Cataracts
glaucoma
Retinal vein occlusion
Diabetic retinopathy
Pre-proliferative retinopathy 
Maculopathy
3rd N palsy
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6
Q

What is aniscoria

A

Unequal pupil size

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7
Q

What is presbyopia

A

Refractive error due to failure of accommodation with age

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8
Q

What is myopia

A

Short sightedness (long eyeball)

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9
Q

What is hypermetropia

A

Long sightedness (short eyeball)

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10
Q

What is astigmatism

A

Variation in corneal curvature

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11
Q

What are mydriatics

A

Act to dilate the pupils
Tropicamide = short acting
Cyclopentolate = long acting

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12
Q

What are miotic agents

A

Contstrict pupils

- pilocarpine

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13
Q

What is schirmer’s test

A

Rate at which strip of paper suspended from lower eyelid is wetted by tears

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14
Q

What is Sjögren’s syndrome

A

Systemic autoimmune disease

Immune cells attack exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva

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15
Q

Do pupils change time with age

A

Yes - become smaller

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16
Q

Signs + symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

A 
Miosis
Ptosis
Absence of sweating
Enopthalmos
Bloodshot conjunctiva
(Distinguish peripheral and central lesions by instilling1% cocaine)
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17
Q

What is retinoblastoma

A 
Mutation in Rb-1 on long arm of c.13
Autosomal dominant
Rapidly developing cancer
Increased risk of extra-retinal cancer
95% cure by surgery
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18
Q

What eye condition is a common complication of child birth

A

Subconjunctival haemorrhage
High pressure –> burst vessels in conjunctiva
No tx needed

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19
Q

Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis

A

Watery eye
Itch
Pink eye
Often associated with URTI or cold

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20
Q

What is ophthalmia neonatorum

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis contracted by newborns during vaginal delivery.
Caused by N. gonorrhoea or chlamydia
Can cause blindness

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21
Q

What is hypopion

A

Pus In anterior chamber of eye

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22
Q

Symptoms of keratitis

A 
Infection and inflammation of cornea
Pain
Redness
Discharge
Photophobia
Foreign body sensation
Tearing
Burred vision
Decreased visual acuity
Corneal erosion
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23
Q

What is dacryoadenitis

A

Inflammation of lacrimal glands
Swelling eyelid
Pain
Excess tears

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24
Q

What is trichiasis

A

Abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow backward into the eye
–> irritation, red, watery eye

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25
Reiters syndrome triad
Reactive arthritis Urethritis Conjunctivitis
26
What is ulcerative keratitis
A corneal ulcer | Infection involving disruption of the epithelium
27
What is episcleritis
Irritation + inflammation of the episclera | May be associated with RA, SLE, IBD, HSV, gout
28
Characteristics of diabetic retinopathy
Hard exudates Microaneurysms New vessel formation
29
Causes of cataracts
``` Diabetes Hypoparathyroidism Blunt injury Steroids Eczema myotonic dystrophy Galactosaemia Congenital toxoplasmosis Wilson's disease ```
30
What is scleritis
Serious inflammatory disease affecting the sclera | Occurs in SLE, RA, wergeners granulomatosis
31
Symptoms of retinal detachment
``` Photopsia (flashes of light) Sudden dramatic increase in floaters Dense shadow progressing from periphery Straight lines appear curved Central loss of vision ```
32
Symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma
``` Sudden onset eye pain Red eye Decreased visual acuity Halo around lights Like looking through frosted glass Vomiting ```
33
Features of primary open angle glaucoma
Asymptomatic Peripheral visual field loss Cupped optic disc
34
Chronic angle closure glaucoma symptoms and signs
Un-noticed visual loss Increased or normal IOP Cupped optic disc
35
Risk factors for retinal vein occlusion
``` Glaucoma Hypertension Diabetes Haematological disorders Systemic inflammatory conditions ```
36
Common syx and signs of retinal vein occlusion
Sudden painless loss of vision Flame haemorrhage Cotton wool spots Swollen optic disc
37
Risk factors for retinal artery occlusion
Emboli from carotid or heart valve Thrombosis Arteritis
38
Symptoms and signs of retinal artery occlusion
``` Sudden painless loss of vision Curtain coming down Pale oedematous retina Cherry red spots on macula Narrowed arteries White emboli ```
39
Symptoms of anterior uveitis
``` Photophobia Red eye Watery eye Lacrimation Miosis Blurred vision ```
40
Causes of anterior uveitis
``` Herpes simplex Herpes zoster RA ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis Behçet's disease ```
41
Commonest cause of blindness in <65yo
Diabetic eye disease
42
What is thrombotic ischaemia
A severe form of secondary glaucoma. = Neovascular glaucoma due to new vessel formation in angle of anterior chamber. Occurs in DM - proliferative retinopathy
43
Treatment of an acute attack of angle closed glaucoma
Acetazolomide
44
Features of background diabetic retinopathy
Capillary Microaneurysm (dot) blot haemorrhage hard exudate
45
Features of pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
``` Capillary Microaneurysm (dot) blot haemorrhage hard exudate AND Venous haemorrhages Cotton wool spots (soft exudates) ```
46
Features of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
``` New vessels (neovascularisation) - thin walls, prone to rupturing Fibrosis ``` Plus all other features - dot and blot haemorrhages, hard and soft exudates
47
Features of diabetic maculopathy
Hard exudates involving the macula
48
Presentation of retinal detachment
Visual floaters Reduced visual acuity Visual loss like a curtain coming across
49
What is an oculogyric crisis
``` Dystonic reaction Often associated with drugs Presents with restlessness, agitation, confusion Fixed upward deviation Of the eyes +/- fixed flexion deformity of the neck +/- open mouth and protruding tongue ```
50
When do flame shaped retinal haemorrhages occur
Hypertensive retinopathy
51
microvascular abnormalities associated with Hypertension on Funduscopy
arterial narrowing (copper or silver wiring), arteriovenous nipping Flame shaped haemorrhage ``` Malignant hypertension: hard exudates appear as a 'macular star' (thin white streaks radiating around the macula), disc swelling, cotton wool spots, flame haemorrhages arterial or venous occlusions ```
52
What is a Scotcoma
Visual field defect surrounded by normal vision
53
A lesion atthe optic nerve produces what visual field defect
Monocular visual field loss
54
Lesion at the optic chiasm produces what visual field defect
Bitemporal hemianopia
55
A lesion of the right optic tract produces what visual field defect
Left homonymous hemianopia
56
Confusion at the temporal radiation produces what visual field defect
Homonymous upper quadrantinopia
57
Lesion at the parietal radiation produces what visual field defect
Lower homonymous quadrantinopia
58
A lesion at the occipital pole produces what visual field defect
Homonymous hemianopia with central sparing
59
Signs of optic neuropathy
``` Optic disc pallor Reduced visual acuity Loss of red colour vision Central scotoma RAPD ```
60
Causes of optic atrophy
``` Chronic glaucoma Demyelination - e.g. MS Trauma Compression - e.g. Tumour Diabetes Methanol / ethambutol Retinal artery occlusion Retinal vein occlusion ```
61
What are miosis and mydriasis
``` Miosis = pupil constriction Mydriasis = pupil dilation ```
63
Management of acute angle closure glaucoma
``` Refer immediately - day or night. Lie the patient down Topical agents include: - Beta blockers, eg timolol 0.5%, one dose - Steroids, eg prednisolone 1%, - Apraclonidine 0.5-1% - pilocarpine 1-2%, **Acetazolamide IVI ** Offer analgesia ± antiemetics ``` Surgical - peripheral iridotomy / iridectomy
64
Investigation and management of acute angle closure glaucoma
Examination - red eye + non-reactive mid-dilated pupil. Palpation of the globe - hard Measure the IOP >21 mmHg slit lamp

MBBS / MBChB finals (25 decks)

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