optoprep quiz Flashcards
when to prescribe myopic prescription?
isometropia
upto 1 year old: -5.00
1-2 yo: -4.00
2-3yo: -3.00
anisometropia:
up to 1 year: -2.50
1-2 year: -2.50
2-3 year: -2.00
when to prescribe hyperopia no esotropia?
isometropia
up to 1 year old: +6.00
1-2yo: +5.00
2-3yo: +4.50
anisometropia:
up to 1 year: +2.50
1-2 year: +2.00
2-3 year: +1.50
when to prescribe for hyperopia with esotropia?
isometropia
up to 1 year old: +3.00
1-2yo: +2.00
2-3yo: +1.50
anisometropia:
up to 1 year: +2.50
1-2 year: +2.00
2-3 year: +1.50
when to prescribe astigmatism?
isometropia
up to 1 year old: 3.00
1-2yo: 2.50
2-3yo: 2.00
anisometropia:
up to 1 year: +2.50
1-2 year: +2.00
2-3 year: +2.oo
when do kids see 20/20?
20/20 - by 3-5 year old - Snellen
with preferential viewing -
VEP - 6-7 months
when do kids develop contrast sensitivity?
Reaches adult-like levels for low frequency attenuation at about 2-4 months
and is completely developed by 3-5 years
Blink response to visual threats age develops
This begins at 2 months of age
color vision development:
- Newborns have the ability to notice color but cannot distinguish red, green, or
yellow - 2 months infants are able to distinguish red-green
- 3 months they can recognize similar hues within color groups;
- adult-like levels by 3 years of age
Pupil responses development
- pupils are sluggish in newborns
- well-developed by 1 month
Accommodation development
- A newborn’s accommodation is accurate for about 30cm
- a lag of accommodation of
about +0.75 D occurs by about 4 months of age
- a lag of accommodation of
- well-developed and accurate for further distances by 6 months
Stereopsis development
- Newborns do not have any stereopsis ability
- emerges at 4 months
- well-developed by 6 months
NPC development
Newborns can converge up to 10 cm; this improves to the ability to converge to the nose by 6 months
Fixation/follow a moving target development
response begins to emerge at 4 months of age
Binocular alignment development
Alignment typically occurs by 1 month of age and reaches adult-like levels of angle lambda at 18 months
Acuity (using visual evoked potential VEP)
Newborn: 20/400
1 month: 20/200
2-4 months: 20/80
6-12 months: 20/20
Acuity (using preferential looking)
Newborn: 20/400 to 20/1200
1 month: 20/300 to 20/1200
2-4 months 20/150 to 20/600
6-12 months:20/50 to 20/200
18 months: 20/40 to 20/100
24 months: 20/30 to 20/80
3 years: 20/20
Optokinetic response development
This will be asymmetric (T-N and N-T response) for the first 4 months and becomes a symmetric response at 6 months of age
pursuits development
Emerge at about 2-4 months of age
saccades development
Horizontal saccades are present in newborns; vertical saccades begin at 2 months
Fixation development
newborn is able to fixate on a person’s face
AOA when should kids be examined?
asymptomatic children be examined at 6 months of age
3 years
before entering 1st grade
every 2 years thereafter.
how to properly cyclo kids?
1 gtt 0.50% cyclopentolate OU instilled - for 1 year old or under
1% for older
when is cyclo contraindicated
Cyclopentolate may also be avoided in children with Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, trisomy 13 and 18, and other central nervous system disorders because of a possible increased reaction
psychosocial stages
- . Age: infancy (birth to 18 months):
tust vs mistrust
oral-sensory - Age: early childhood (2-3 years)
muscular-anal
Autonomy vs. Shame - Age: pre-school (3-5 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose)
locomotor-genital - school age (6-11 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority
latency - adolescence (12-18 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Fidelity)
fidelity
