Oral Anatomy & Histology (Review: Outcome 1) Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the human body’s shape and structure
2
Q
Nomenclature
A
System of name in science
3
Q
Anatomical position
A
- Standing erect (upright)
- Toes pointed forward & feet flat on the floor
- Eyes directed to the horizon facing observer
- Arms by the sides with palms facing forward
4
Q
Superior
A
ABOVE another part or closer to the head
- Ex. Nose is superior to the mouth
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Q
Inferior
A
BELOW another part, or closer to feet
- Ex. Heart is inferior to neck
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Q
Anterior
A
Toward the FRONT
- Ex. Heart is anterior to spine
7
Q
Posterior
A
Toward the BACK
- Ex. Ear is posterior to nose
8
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
- Ex. Nose is medial to ears
9
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline of the body structure
- Ex. Ears are lateral to eyes
10
Q
Proximal
A
CLOSE to a point of attachment or closer to trunk of body
- Ex. Elbow is proximal to wrist (close to should attachment)
11
Q
Distal
A
FURTHER from a point of attachment or further from trunk of body
- Ex. Fingers are distal to wrist
12
Q
Dorsal
A
On the back
- Ex. Spine is on dorsal side of body
13
Q
Vertral
A
On the front
- Ex. Face is on ventral side of body
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Q
Planes (of the body)
A
Imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections
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Q
Midsagittal plane
A
VERTICAL plane that divides body into equal right and left halves
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Q
Parasagittal plane
A
ANY VERTICAL plane that does not pass through the midline of body & divides body into unequal right & left
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Q
Frontal/Coronal plane
A
Divides body into ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR portions
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Q
Horizontal/Transverse plane
A
Divides body into SUPERIOR & INFERIOR portions
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Q
Parts of Anterior Teeth
A
Central incisors, Lateral incisors, Canines (Cuspids)
20
Q
Parts of Posterior Teeth
A
Premolars (Bicuspids), Molars
21
Q
Make up of Permanent Dentition
A
Each arch has:
a. 4 permanent incisors (2 Central, 2 Lateral)
b. 2 permanent canines (cuspids)
c. 4 permanent premolars (bicuspids)
d. 6 permanent molars
22
Q
How many permanent teeth in total?
A
32 teeth in a mouth
23
Q
How many in permanent Maxillary and Mandibular arches?
A
Each have 16 teeth
24
Q
How many permanent teeth in each quadrant?
A
8 teeth in each quadrant
a. 3 molars
b. 2 premolars (Bicuspids)
c. 1 canine (Cuspid)
d. 2 incisors (Central and Lateral)
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How many primary teeth in each quadrant?
5 teeth in each quadrant
a. 2 molars
b. 1 canine (Cuspid)
c. 2 incisors (Central and Lateral)
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How many primary teeth in total?
20 teeth in total
(10 in each arch)
27
Dental Sextants
Dentition is divided into 6 segments
- Each arch is divided into 3:
- 5 teeth in each posterior sextants (3 molars, 2 premolars) - right and left side
- 6 teeth in each anterior sextant (2 canines, 4 incisors - Central & Lateral)
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Anatomical crown
The part covered by enamel (whole crown of the tooth, whether it has erupted or not)
*Always remains the same*
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Clinical crown
The part of the tooth that can be seen in the mouth (this may include all or only part of the anatomical crown & may even include part of root)
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Bifurcation
Division of the root trunk into 2
- found on lower molars
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Trifurcation
Division of the root trunk into 3
- provides tooth with maximum anchorage against biting force
- found on upper molars where anchorage is essential
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Composition of the tooth structure (Tooth tissues)
1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Cementum
4. Pulp
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Enamel
A hard protective tissue that covers the crown of the tooth
- hardest tooth structure
- smooth (self-cleansing)
- thickest at the tip of the crown, thinner at cervical portion
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Dentin
Makes up the main bulk of the tooth
- Found in both the crown and root of the tooth
- softer than enamel, harder than cementum or bone
- can continue to form throughout lifespan of a tooth
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Cementum
Covers the root of the tooth
- attaches the tooth to the bone
- softer than enamel or dentin (least calcified tooth)
- light yellow in colour
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Pulp
Soft connective tissue containing nerves & blood vessels in the center of tooth (non-mineralized)
- surrounded by dentin
- nourishing and sensory (pain) function
- composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels, connective tissues, nerve tissues and odontoblasts (special dentin formation cells)
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Parts of pulp cavity
- Pulp chamber
- Pulp canal
*Pulp horn = extension of the chamber
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Common structures of the tooth
1. Crown
2. CEJ (Cemento-enamel junction) also called Cervical line or cervix
3. Root
4. Apex (terminal end of root --> Apical foramen = tiny opening in the apex for blood vessels and nerves to enter)
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Periodontal Ligament
Suspends the tooth and provides it with nourishment
- located between bone of the alveolar process and cementum
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Radicular
Have to do with the tooth root
- the radicular pulp is the pulp contained in the root
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Incisors (Location, shape, function)
4 incisors in each arch (2 Central, 2 Lateral)
- Location: Central (side by side at midline); Lateral (on each side of the central incisors)
- Shape: Single rooted, crowns are arched and angle toward one sharp incisal edge
- Function: to cut or incise food with their thin edges
Tongue side is shovel shaped (helps move food to the posterior part of mouth)
42
Canines/Cuspids (Location, shape, function)
2 cuspids in each arch
- Location: Next to lateral incisors, establishes the corner of the arches
- Shape: Anchored with the longest root, one pointed cusp
- Function: Used for holding, grasping, and tearing food
Referred to as the CORNERSTONE of the mouth
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Premolars/Bicuspids (Location, shape, function)
4 premolars in each arch (2 first premolars, 2 second premolars)
- Location: First premolars are next to canines, followed by second premolars
- Shape: Maxillary first premolars have bifurcated roots, all others have 1 root, 1 prominent cusp with 1 or 2 lesser lingual cusps
- Function: Hold food, like canines because they have cusps; also to grind food
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Molars (Location, shape, function)
6 molars in each arch (3 in each quadrant)
1st, 2nd, 3rd molars (Wisdom tooth)
- Location: First molars are next to second premolars, second molars next to the first molars and third molars next to second molars (the furthest in the mouth)
- Shape: Bifurcated or trifurcated roots, broad chewing surfaces with 4 to 5 cusps
- Function: Grinding or chewing food
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What are the tooth surfaces?
a. Occlusal surfaces (posterior teeth)
b. Incisal surfaces (anterior teeth)
c. Lingual surfaces (palatal maxillary teeth) - tongue side
d. Facial surfaces (Buccal, Labial)
e. Proximal surfaces (Mesial, Distal)
f. Interproximal area (space between the teeth)
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Line Angles
Separate two surface of a tooth by forming a junction of the two surfaces
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Point Angles
The point in which 3 surfaces will meet (only the corners)
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Rules of determining line and point angles
Line Angles:
1. Sides = Mesial or Distal (M/D)
2. Front/back = Facial or Lingual (F/L)
Point Angles:
1. Sides
2. Front/back
3. Biting surfaces = incisal or occlusal
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Anterior Teeth - Line Angles
- Distolabial
- Mesiolabial
- Distolingual
- Mesiolingual
- Linguoincisal
- Labioincisal
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Posterior Teeth - Line Angles
- Distobuccal
- Mesiobuccal
- Distolingual
- Mesiolingual
- Disto-occlusal
- Mesio-occlusal
- Bucco-occlusal
- Linguo-occlusal
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Anterior Teeth - Point Angles
- Mesiolabioincisal
- Distolabioincisal
- Mesiolinguoincisal
- Distolinguoincisal
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Posterior Teeth - Point Angles
- Mesiobucco-occlusal
- Distobucco-occlusal
- Mesiolinguo-occlusal
- Distolinguo-occlusal
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What are the 3 anatomic features of teeth?
1. Contours
2. Contacts
3. Embrasures
*Anatomic features of the teeth help maintain their positions in the arch and protect the tissues during mastication
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Contours of teeth
All teeth have a curved surface except when tooth is fractured or worn
- Some surfaces are convex, some are concave
- General principle: crown of tooth narrows toward the cervical line
- Facial & Lingual contours (provides gingiva with adequate stimulation for health, while protecting it from damage from food)
- Mesial & Distal contours (provide normal contact and embrasure form)
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Height of contour
The "bulge" or widest point on a specific surface of the crown
- Contact areas on mesial and distal surfaces are usually considered the height of contour on proximal surfaces
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Contact (Anatomic Feature of teeth)
The area where the crowns of adjacent teeth in the same arch physically touch on each proximal surface
Proper contact serves the following purposes:
- Prevents food from being trapped between the teeth
- Stabilizes the dental arches by holding the teeth in either arch in positive contact with each other
- Protects the interproximal gingival tissue from trauma during mastication
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Embrasures (Anatomic Feature of teeth)
A triangular space in a gingival direction between the proximal surfaces of 2 adjoining teeth in contact
- They are continuous with the interproximal spaces between the teeth
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What are the clinical considerations for tooth surfaces?
- The tooth's angles, height of contour, and spaces define the front or face of a tooth when the design of a patient's smile is considered, because these features are noted first when contemplating someone's smile
- Altering placement and shape of these features changes the face of a tooth and its perceived size and appearance of smile
- Note: Mesial part of the face and silhouette of a tooth is more angled vertically than distal part
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Developmental Depressions
Outline the separations among the labial developmental lobes
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Cingulum
A raised, rounded area on the cervical third of the lingual surface
- All anteriors on the lingual surfaces have a cingulum
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Mamelons
Rounded enamel extension on the incisal ridges of incisors (wears off)
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Developmental Groove
A sharp, deep, V-shaped linear depression that marks the junction among the developmental lobes
- Anteriors may have on their lingual surface
- Posterior: located in the same place and mark the junction among the developmental lobes
- 3 different developmental grooves:
i. Supplemental groove
ii. Marginal groove (cross the marginal ridges)
iii. Triangular groove (separate marginal ridge from triangular ridge of a cusp)
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Fossa/Fossae
A shallow, wide depression
- On Anteriors: located on lingual
- On Posteriors: Triangular fossa
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Developmental Pits
Located in the deepest part of each fossa
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Occlusal Pits
A sharp pinpoint depression where 2 or more grooves meet
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Marginal Ridge (Anterior)
Present on lingual surface
- A rounded, raised border on the mesial and distal sides
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Marginal Ridge (Posterior)
Raised border on the occlusal surface
- Located on distal and mesial surfaces
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Triangular Ridges
Cusp ridges that descend from the cusps tips toward the central part of the occlusal table
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Transverse Ridge
Joining of 2 triangular ridges crossing the occlusal table transversely, or from the labial to lingual
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Incisal Ridge
The incisal surface of the long crown of an anterior tooth
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Ala-Tragus Line
Used to landmark for x-rays
Ala of nose = wing
Tragus of ear = projection anterior to the external opening of ear
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Vestibule
The space between the teeth and the inner mucosal lining of the lips and cheeks
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Oral Cavity Proper
The space on the tongue side within the upper and lower dental arches
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Parts of the Vestibule
1. Vestibular (Mucolabial fold)
2. Labial frenulum
3. Labial mucosa
4. Alveolar mucosa
5. Labial Maxillary gingiva
6. Labial Mandibular gingiva
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Linea Alba (Buccal Mucosa)
White ridge of raised tissue extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together
- caused by friction with the teeth
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Fordyce Spots (Buccal Mucosa)
Normal, small, yellowish elevations that may appear on the buccal mucosa
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Mucogingival Junction
A distinct line of colour change where the alveolar mucosa meets with attached gingivae
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Attached gingiva
A lighter colour gingiva
- extends from the base of the sulcus to the mucogingival junction
- stippled, dense tissue that is self-protecting, firmly bound and resilient
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Alveolar Mucosa
Covers the alveolar bone
- Loosely attached to bone
- Redder in colour than labial or buccal mucosa
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Frenum (Frenulum)
A narrow fold of mucous membrane passing from fixed tissue to more movable tissue
- Found at the inner midline of both upper and lower lips and by the cuspid or bicuspid areas
- The Frena/Frenula attach the lips to the alveolar mucosa and the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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Gingiva
Surrounds the tooth like a collar
- Self-cleansing
- Firm and resistant
- Can be tightly adapted to tooth and bone
- Stippled and resemble the rind of an orange
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Bony Eminence (Attached gingiva)
Raised contour of bone that follows the roots of the teeth
- Canine Eminence
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Maxillary Tuberosity (Attached Gingiva)
Small extension of bone posterior to last maxillary tooth
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Retromolar area
Bone posterior to last mandibular tooth
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Exostoses
Localized growth of bone
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Functions of Hard Palate
- Crush food
- Assist in swallowing
- Prevent injury to the oral structures by determining texture and temperature of food
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Characteristics and Functions of Soft Palate
Posterior third of palate
- Composed of: muscular fibers covered with mucosa
- Most posterior portion is the uvula
- Function: Assists by closing off the nasal cavity during swallowing or speaking - specifically the uvula
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Parts of the Tongue
- Dorsum: upper surface
- Ventral: under surface
- Median sulcus: the depression down the midline
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Circumvallate/Vallate Papillae
A V-shaped row of circular, raised papillae about 2/3 of the way back
- Involved in gag reflex
- Contain taste buds
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Filiform Papillae
Threadlike projections of epithelial tissue
- Cover the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
- Provide tactile sense
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Fungiform Papillae
Reddish, small, mushroom-shaped dots
- Dorsal surface
- Anterior, 2/3 of the tongue
- Contain taste buds
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Foliate Papillae
On lateral surface, back in the region of the circumvallate papillae
- Some taste buds
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Lingual Tonsils
- Near the midline on the dorsum of the tongue
- Directly behind the circumvallate papilla
- Similar to the tissue of palatine tonsils
- Works as a defense mechanism in that area
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Characteristics of Ventral surface of Tongue
- Underside of tongue
- Large visible blood vessels and deep lingual veins
- Plica fimbriate/e
- Sublingual caruncle
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Types of Mucous Membranes
1. Masticatory Mucosa
2. Specialized Mucosa
3. Lining Mucosa
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Masticatory Mucosa
Oral mucosa that covers the hard palate, dorsum of the tongue, and gingiva
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Specialized Mucosa
Mucous membrane on the tongue in the form of lingual papillae (structures associated with sensations of taste)
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Lining Mucosa
Mucous membrane that covers the inside of the cheeks, vestibule, lips, soft palate, and underside of the tongue
- Acts as a cushion for underlying structures
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Universal Numbering System
Most widely used system in U.S. for the designation of both dentitions because it is adaptable to electronic data
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Universal Numbering System for Primary Dentition
Consecutive arrangement by using capital letters
A through T - starting with maxillary right second molar, moving clockwise, and ending with mandibular right second molar
e.g.
- H = left maxillary canine
- Q = right mandibular lateral incisors
101
Universal Numbering System for Permanent Dentition
Consecutive arrangement using digits 1 through 32
- Starting with maxillary right third molar, moving clockwise, and ending with the mandibular right third molar
e.g.
- 13 = maxillary left second premolar
- 27 = mandibular right canine
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Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI)
System used internationally (International Numbering System - INS)
- Uses a two-digit code
- First digit = quadrant
- Second digit = tooth's position in this quadrant
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FDI for Primary Dentition
Digits: 5 to 8
- Clockwise, starting on upper right
E.g.
6.4 = Maxillary left first molar (Quad #6, tooth #4)
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FDI for Permanent Dentition
Digits: 1 to 4
- Clockwise, starting on upper right
E.g.
3.2 = Mandibular left lateral incisors (Quad #3, tooth #2)
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Palmer Method
A right-angle symbol indicating quadrants and arch, with tooth number placed inside
