Preventive Procedures 1 (Midterm Review: Outcome 1-4.4) Flashcards

Question

What is the composition of dental biofilm?

Answer 1

20% - microorganisms and EPS (organic and inorganic solids) 80% - water Inorganic elements: calcium & phosphorus Organic elements: carbohydrates, protein EPS = extracellular polymeric substance

Answer 2

1. Direct Vision 2. Use of an explorer or probe 3. Use of a disclosing agent 4. Clinical record

Answer 3

A mineralized dental biofilm - Hard, tenacious mass forms on the clinical crowns of natural teeth, dental implants, dentures, and other dental prostheses - CANNOT be removed by patient and must be removed by dentist with the use of scaling instruments

Answer 4

- Lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth - Facial surfaces of maxillary 1st & 2nd molars - Opposite the opening of the ducts of the submandibular & parotid salivary glands

Answer 5

On the clinical crown apical to the margin of the gingival and extends toward the clinical attachment on the root surface

Answer 6

The surface of calculus is porous and rough and provides an excellent surface on which additional plaque can grow - Calculus can penetrate into the cementum on root surfaces - contributing to periodontal disease

Answer 7

- A discolored deposit or area on a tooth that is in contrast with the rest of the tooth colour. - Classified as: i. Exogenous or endogenous (depending on their source) ii. Intrinsic or extrinsic (based on their location) Identification of the stain origins and locations are needed to develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Answer 8

Stains developed from external sources i.e. food, beverages, tobacco products, chromogenic bacteria (color-producing bacteria)

Answer 9

Stains developed from within the structure of the tooth i.e. excessive amount of fluoride during formation of teeth, medications taken (e.g. Tetracycline) - cannot be removed by polishing

Answer 10

- Stain that occurs on external surface of the tooth - May be removed by toothbrushing, scaling, and/or polishing - Developed because of the presence of chromogenic bacteria and substances such as tobacco, red wine, tea, coffee, certain drugs, exposure to metallic compounds *Over time, extrinsic stains may become intrinsic

Answer 11

- Stain incorporated within the tooth structure - Cannot be removed by scaling or polishing; alternative methods can be used to improve the appearance - Result of alteration during tooth development - associated with antibiotic use, fever, trauma, infection, ingestion of high amounts of systemic fluoride

Answer 12

1. Green - Source: chromogenic bacteria and fungi from poor oral hygiene (often seen in children with enamel irregularities - Removal: toothbrushing or lightly polishing (should not be scaled because of underlying demineralized enamel) 2. Black Stain - Source: iron in saliva, iron-containing oral solutions, industrial exposure to iron, manganese, and silver - Removal: should be scaled because of its calculus like nature and selectively polish 3. Black-line stain - Source: associated with bacteria and iron in the saliva - Removal: scale and polish selectively 4. Orange stain - Source: chromogenic bacteria from poor oral hygiene - Removal: scale and polish selectively 5. Brown stain - Source: Tobacco (tars from smoking, chewing, hookah), food, beverage pigments - Removal: scale and polishing selectively 6. Brown stain (chemotherapeutic agents) - Removal: scale and polish selectively 7. Gray/brown-green stain - Source: marijuana - Removal: scale and polish selectively 8. Yellow stain - Source: oral biofilm - Removal: have patient remove stains during toothbrush 9. Blue-green stain - Source: mercury and lead dust - Removal: scale and polish selectively 10. Red-black stain - Source: chewing betel nut, betel leaf (found in Western Pacific and South Asian cultures) - Removal: scale and polish selectively

Answer 13

1. Dental fluorosis (white-spotted to brown-pitted enamel) - Source: excessive fluoride ingestion during enamel development - Removal: cannot be removed by scaling or polishing 2. Hypocalcification (white spots on enamel) - Source: high fever during enamel formation - Removal: cannot be removed by scaling or polishing 3. Demineralization (white or brown spots on enamel, may be smooth or rough) - Source: Acid erosion of enamel caused by oral biofilm - Removal: cannot be removed by scaling or polishing. Recommend daily 0.05% sodium fluoride rinses for remineralization 4. Tetracycline (grayish brown discoloration) - Source: use of tetracyclines during tooth development - Removal: cannot be removed by scaling or polishing

Answer 14

1. Indirect vision - to view tooth surface or intraoral structure that cannot be seen directly - e.g. lingual teeth on lower anterior) 2. Retraction - use of mirror to hold patient's cheek, lip, or tongue so that clinician can view tooth surfaces hidden from view by soft tissue structures 3. Indirect illumination - reflecting surface of the mirror is used to direct light onto tooth surface 4. Transillumination - technique of directing light off of the mirror surface and through the anterior teeth

Answer 15

Dental plaque biofilm is the sticky film of bacterial colonies that constantly form on the teeth. - If not removed from teeth through regular toothbrushing and flossing, it hardens to create calculus. - Calculus cannot be removed by a toothbrush, only by scaling or root planing.

Answer 16

Made up of structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

Answer 17

Made up of structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

Answer 18

1. Gingivae (gums) - covers the alveolar process of jaws and surrounds the necks of teeth 2. Epithelial attachment - tissue is at the base of the sulcus where the gingiva attaches to the tooth 3. Sulcus - space between the tooth and the free gingiva 4. Periodontal ligaments - dense connective fibres that connect the cementum with the alveolar bone of the socket wall 5. Cementum - covers the root of the tooth - primary function: anchor tooth to the bony socket with attachments of the PDL 6. Alveolar bone - bone that supports the tooth in its position within the jaw - the alveolar socket is the cavity in the bone that surrounds the tooth

Answer 19

An infectious disease process that involves a chronic inflammation of the structures of the periodontium - initiated by microorganisms in dental biofilm plaque - most common dental problem and can progress quite painlessly until you have a real problem - over time, bone loss occurs, causing pockets (spaces around teeth, below gumline) to appear that need professional cleaning - loss of bone leads to loosening and possible loss of teeth

Answer 20

1. Red, swollen, or tender gingiva 2. Bleeding gingiva while brushing or flossing 3. Loos or separating teeth 4. Pain or pressure when chewing 5. Pus around the teeth or gingival tissues

Answer 21

- The type of bacteria - Length of time bacteria are left undisturbed on the teeth - Patient response to bacteria *Bacteria in biofilm cause inflammation by producing enzymes and toxins that destroy periodontal tissues and lower host defenses

Answer 22

1. Smoking - smokers have greater loss of attachment, bone loss, tooth loss, calculus formation 2. Diabetes Mellitus - individuals with diabetes are 3x more likely to have attachment and bone loss 3. Poor oral hygiene - lack of good oral hygiene increases the risk for periodontal disease in all age groups 4. Osteoporosis - increased alveolar bone resorption, attachment loss, and tooth loss 5. HIV/AIDS - increased gingival inflammation is noted around margins of all teeth - develop necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis 6. Stress - psychological stress is associated with depression of the immune system - link between stress and periodontal attachment loss 7. Medications - decreased salivary flow (xerostomia) can be caused by more than 400 medications 8. Local factors - overhanging restorations, subgingival placement of crown margins, orthodontic appliances, and removal dentures may contribute to the progression of periodontal disease

Answer 23

Oral condition that increase an individual's susceptibility to periodontal disease: 1. Calculus 2. Tooth position 3. Tooth morphology 4. Occlusion 5. Poor oral hygiene 6. Habits 7. Food impaction 8. Faulty restorations and appliances

Answer 24

Periodontal disease includes both gingivitis and periodontitis - these two basic forms of periodontal disease each has a variety of forms

Answer 25

1. Healthy tissues - gum is firm, fits tightly to the teeth and does not bleed 2. Gingivitis - gum tissue may be inflamed, swollen, and bleeds easily during brushing, flossing or examination by dentist - REVERSIBLE, no bone loss 3. Early Periodontitis - Continued inflammation, loss of gum attachment and bone support - Not reversible, bone loss 4. Moderate periodontitis - Supporting gum and bone tissue have deteriorated and tooth loosens - Not reversible, bone loss 5. Advanced periodontitis - severe destruction of tissue and bone, causing tooth loss - Not reversible, bone loss

Answer 26

1. Tobacco use - greater bone loss and calculus formation 2. Hyperglycemia (undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes) - high blood glucose levels can increase susceptibility to infections, including periodontitis or periodontal abscesses 3. Bacterial plaque biofilm, clinical attachment loss, and age - age is also a factor because periodontal attachment loss is cumulative over time 4. Leukemia - significant bleeding attributable to clotting deficiencies 5. Hyposalivation (Xerostomia) dry mouth - associated with more than 500 medications 6. Malnutrition - Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy) - without adequate foot supply or those with restricted diets 7. Drug-induced gingival enlargement - several categories of drugs (e.g. calcium channel blockers), immunosuppressive drugs, and antiseizure drugs can cause drug-influenced gingival enlargement

Answer 27

- Past history of periodontal disease - Gender and race - Age

Answer 28

Individuals with periodontal disease have a greater incidence of coronary heart disease. 1. Increased risk of strokes and heart disease 2. Patients with periodontal disease have 3x the risk for stroke and 3.6x the risk for coronary heart disease 3. Oral bacteria can easily spread into the bloodstream, attach to fatty plaques in coronary arteries and contribute to clot formation and heart attacks

Answer 29

1. Women with severe periodontal disease have 7x the risk for preterm/low-weight babies (PLBW) 2. Other risk factions (smoking, alcohol use, drug use) also contribute to PLBW infants

Answer 30

1. Individuals with periodontal disease may be at risk for respiratory infection 2. Bacteria that have colonized in the oral cavity may alter respiratory epithelium, leaving it more susceptible to pneumonia 3. For patients who already have chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD, existing conditions may be aggravated by inhalation of bacteria from the mouth into the lungs 4. These bacteria multiply in the respiratory tract and cause infection

Answer 31

Tooth decay - An infectious and communicable disease (worldwide health concern, affecting humans of all ages) - The single most common chronic disease in children

Answer 32

Caries is a transmissible bacterial that can be passed from parent to child & human to another. 2 groups of bacteria responsible for caries: 1. Streptococcus mutans: disease-producing bacteria found in large numbers within dental plaque 2. Lactobacilli (LB): typically found in patients with high sugar intake *Separate of together, they are the primary cause of dental caries

Answer 33

It can take months or years for cavities to develop. Stages: 1. Incipient caries or incipient lesions occurs when caries begins to demineralize the enamel 2. The overt lesion or frank lesion, is characterized by cavitation (the development of a cavity or a hole) 3. Development of cavitation, with multiple lesions through the mouth = rampant caries

Answer 34

1. The tooth is attacked by acids in plaque and saliva 2. Calcium and phosphate dissolve from the enamel in the process of demineralization - tooth surface will appear opaque, dull, and chalky-white 3. Fluoride, phosphate and calcium re-enter the enamel in a process called remineralization - overtime, the dental caries will continue to a dark brown or black appearance - this results in the breakdown or collapse of enamel

Answer 35

1. Diet - Limit quantities of sugary and starchy foods, snacks, drinks, and candy (3 snacks per day) 2. Fluorides - help make the tooth resistant to being dissolved by acids 3. Remove plaque - perform thorough brushing and flossing to remove plaque from all tooth surfaces 4. Saliva - neutralizes acids and provides minerals and proteins that protect the tooth - after a snack, chew some sugar-free gum to increase the flow of saliva and neutralize acids 5. Dental sealants - an excellent preventive measure to be placed on children and young adults who are at risk for decay

Answer 36

1. Pit and fissure caries - primarily on occlusal surfaces 2. Smooth surface caries - mesial, distal, facial, lingual 3. Root surface caries - any surface of the exposed root 4. Secondary or recurrent caries - on the tooth structure that surrounds a restoration

Answer 37

1. Thorough plaque removal with brushing and flossing 2. Nutritional counseling 3. Patient education 4. In-office and/or prescription fluoride products (containing 5000 ppm). Remineralization products that contain calcium phosphate 5. For patients with xerostomia, stimulate saliva with use of sugarless chewing gum or sugarless candies, or apply saliva substitutes (e.g. gels, sprays, or liquids) *No one method will be ideal for all patients, so recommendations should be based on the individual patient's needs and caries risk assessment

Answer 38

- An infectious disease that can happen in any family. - Many children live with the constant pain of decayed teeth and swollen gums - Tooth decay is the single most prevalent disease of childhood - Untreated tooth decay in children results in pain and infection

Answer 39

1. Families of lower socioeconomic status 2. More common among particular ethnic groups 3. Families with limited access to care 4. Areas where there is no water fluoridation 5. More common among children with special needs

Answer 40

1. Mother to the child, important for parents to keep their teeth healthy 2. Allowing a child to sleep with a bottle, there is an increased risk 3. Avoid sugary and starchy foods

Answer 41

1. Provides calcium and phosphate for remineralization 2. Carries topical fluoride around the mouth for remineralization 3. Neutralizes organic acids produced in plaque biofilm. Discourages the growth of bacteria, inhibiting infection 4. Recycles ingested fluoride into the mouth 5. Protects hard and soft tissues from drying 6. Facilitates chewing and swallowing 7. Speeds oral clearance of food

Answer 42

Loss of tooth structure by a chemical process that does not include bacterial involvement - Chemical dissolution of the tooth by: i. chronic vomiting ii. diet iii. idiopathic - Tooth surface appears smooth, shallow, hard and shiny

Answer 43

Risk factors: 1. Tooth position and morphology 2. Fluoride 3. Oral hygiene 4. Genetics 5. Diet 6. Socioeconomic status 7. Xerostomia 8. High counts of cariogenic bacteria

Answer 44

1. Dental explorer 2. Radiographs 3. Clinical observation (visually apparent) 4. Indicator dyes 5. Caries laser detectors

Answer 45

1. Fluoride 2. Antibacterial rinses 3. Decrease fermentable carbohydrates 4. Increase salivary flow 5. Oral hygiene

Answer 46

Cariogenic Food Source Ingested + Acidogenic Microorganisms = Acid, Dextrans, Levans Acid + Susceptible Tooth Surface = Decalcification (1st stage of dental caries process)

Answer 47

A technique used to detect periodontal disease by assessing the periodontal tissues

Answer 48

1. Prevent medical emergencies 2. Treatment planning 3. Assess if premedication is required - A thorough medical history is taken from every patient before dental treatment can proceed - Responsibility of the dental team to review medical history, initiate conversation and ask questions to gain greater insight into the patient's well-being

Answer 49

Microorganisms have gained access to the bloodstream Caused by: - numerous dental procedures - including flossing and dental probing Premedication: - patients at risk receive antibiotics before any oral tissue manipulation that could cause bacteremia - use of subgingival instruments is avoided until level of risk has been assessed and condition has been discussed with patient's primary care - Premedication is required 1 hour before instrumentation begins to ensure adequate blood concentration during and immediately following instrumentation

Answer 50

A severe inflammation of the heart valves and supporting structures (the inner lining of the heart (endocardium)) - if not treated quickly, it can lead to life-threatening complications - Cause: blood borne pathogens that enter into bloodstream (from mouth)

Answer 51

The unattached portion of the gingiva that surrounds the tooth

Answer 52

Part of the gingiva that is tightly connected to the cementum on the root and to the connective tissue cover of the alveolar bone

Answer 53

The space between the free gingiva and the tooth surface - A periodontal probe is inserted into this space to access the health of the periodontium

Answer 54

A diseased sulcus - Divided into gingival and periodontal pockets to clarify the degree of anatomical involvement

Answer 55

A pocket formed by gingival enlargement without apical migration of the junctional epithelium - Also referred to as "pseudo pocket"

Answer 56

A pocket formed as a result of disease or degeneration that causes junctional epithelium to migrate apically along the cementum - the connective tissue attachment at the base of a periodontal pocket is destroyed

Answer 57

Periodontal probes are used to determine the health of periodontal tissues - Used like a miniature ruler for making intraoral measurements - Functions: i. Determine the sulcus topography ii. Identify gingival bleeding iii. Measure the size of an oral lesion iv. Aid in the detection of calculus v. Identification of root morphology

Answer 58

- Working end of a probe is marked in mm intervals - There are many different patterns of mm markings - Do not assume that all probes have the same pattern of mm markings

Answer 59

- Millimeter markings only at certain intervals - Marks are found at: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10mm intervals (missing 4 & 6mm)

Answer 60

- Marked in bands with each band being several mm in width - Ex. 3, 6, 9, 12mm

Answer 61

The "Florida Probe" is an example.

Answer 62

Between 1 and 3mm

Answer 63

Deeper than 3mm indicates a periodontal pocket

Answer 64

Measurements are recorded at 6 specific sites around EACH tooth - This is because probing depths may vary in a single area (may find a deeper pocket depth in an isolated area)

Answer 65

A non-biologic (artificial) device surgically inserted into the jawbone to: 1. Replace a missing tooth 2. Provide support for a prosthetic denture

Answer 66

1. Abutment post - Titanium post that protrudes through the tissue into the mouth 2. Implant fixture - Portion that is surgically implanted into the bone 3. The implant abutment post is covered by a prosthetic crown - Clinically, it is difficult to recognize that it is an implant

Answer 67

- Location of dental implant should be clearly indicated in the patient chart - Implants are made of titanium --> plastic probe should be used so it doesn't scratch the metal - Light probing techniques are used

Answer 68

The PSR probe measures 0.5, 3.5, 5.5, 8.5 and 11.5mm intervals - This probe is used to complete a periodontal screening in comparison to a comprehensive periodontal examination

Answer 69

1 code is recorded per SEXTANT

Answer 70

Code: 0 = healthy periodontal tissues 1 = bleeding after gentle probing; entire colored band of probe is visible 2 = supragingival or subgingival calculus is present; entire colored band of probe is visible 3 = 4-5mm pocket; colored band of probe is partially obscured 4 = 6mm or deeper; colored band on the probe is not visible * is placed next to the code given to indicate an abnormality (i.e. bleeding, calculus, restoration overhang, mobility, furcation involvement or recession over 3.5mm)

Answer 71

- Individualized self-care education is essential in improving and preventing oral diseases - Oral hygiene aids and techniques must be considered before providing a treatment plan to our patients - Dental assistants must have a comprehensive understanding of oral hygiene education in order to ensure a high quality of patient care

Answer 72

A type of dye that allows patients to see the plaque present on their teeth - Plaque is not always visible on teeth and therefore patients may not know they have it - Available in tablet or liquid form

Answer 73

1. Provides individualized instruction in self-care in the locations of soft deposits and the techniques for its removal 2. Assists the patient in evaluation of their plaque biofilm removal skills 3. It allows clinicians to also evaluate their plaque control procedure techniques (coronal polishing)

Answer 74

1. Review medical history to ensure no contraindications are present (allergies to flavors or dyes) 2. Follow manufactures instructions for application 3. Dry teeth with gauze or air (air/water syringe) 4. Place Vaseline on lips, labial mucosa and white or porcelain restorations 5. For liquid: paint teeth with cotton tip applicator 6. For tablets (teeth not dried before): have patient chew tablet, swish and spit. Rinse 7. Record findings

Answer 75

A record of the presence of plaque on the surfaces of the patient's teeth - An index is a way to measure a clinical condition/observation in numerical values - Plaque Biofilm Control Record (PCR) - Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)

Answer 76

- Draw a line through missing teeth - Place disclosing agent or explore - Assess surfaces and record which surfaces have plaque - Calculate plaque score

Answer 77

- Count total number of plaque containing surfaces - Count total number of available surfaces (4 per tooth - do not include occlusal) - Multiply by 100 to get plaque score percentage # of surfaces with plaque / # of total surfaces x 100

Answer 78

- 6 teeth are scored (1 per sextant) - Scoring is from 0-3 based on tooth surfaces covered by debris

Answer 79

Add up the scores on the tooth surface and divide by 4 or total number of teeth measured. e.g. Scores are 2, 1, 1, 2 for buccal, lingual, mesial, distal respectively (4 tooth surfaces were measured) 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 / 4 = 1.5

Answer 80

- Toothbrushing is the most recommended and performed oral hygiene behavior - Helps to prevent oral disease, maintain esthetics, and prevent halitosis (bad breath) - Primary action: involves mechanical removal of plaque biofilm - Delivers chemotherapeutic agents to the tooth surfaces (ex. fluoride in toothpaste)

Answer 81

- Soft-bristled brushes are recommended - Nylon bristles are preferred because their ends are rounded - Should be replaced 8-12 weeks or when bristles are worn

Answer 82

1. Handle - part grasped in the hand - durable, impervious to moisture, low cost, east to grasp, variety of sizes 2. Shank - section that connects the handle and head - a twist, curve, or offset angle may help with adaptation 3. Head - working end; consisting of tufts of bristles or filaments (synthetic, rounded ends) - adjusted to size of patient's mouth

Answer 83

1. Conform to individual patient requirements 2. Be easily and efficiently manipulated 3. Be readily cleaned and impervious to moisture 4. Be durable and inexpensive 5. Have prime functional properties of flexibility and softness of bristles and strength and rigidity of the handle 6. Have round-ended bristles

Answer 84

i. Bristle length (proper amount of flexibility) - too long = inadequate cleaning - too short = stiffer and less flexibility ii. Diameter of bristle - greater than 0.075mm = medium to hard range - thinner filaments are softer and more resilient iii. Number of filaments in a tuft - increased density = added support = increased feeling of stiffness iv. Angle of filaments - angled may be more flexible and less stiff

Answer 85

- More effective in cleaning cervical areas - Less traumatic to tissue - Can be directed into the sulcus - Toothbrush abrasion and/or recession prevented or lessened - More effective for sensitive gingiva

Answer 86

1. Orthodontics brush - brushes for use over orthodontic appliances 2. Post-operative brush - ideal for post operative cleaning after extractions, implants or grafts 3. Colis Curve - Brushes 3 sides at once 4. Children's toothbrushes - variety of sizes and colours

Answer 87

- Equivalence between manual and power toothbrushes in plaque biofilm removal - Rotating oscillating power toothbrushes are most effective - Recommended for all patients (but cost may have impact) - Useful for patients with oral health challenges: i. failed attempts at traditional brushing methods ii. orthodontic treatment iii. complex restorative treatment iv. dental implants v. aggressive brushers vi. patient's with disabilities or limited dexterity vi. patient's that require a caregiver to brush for them

Answer 88

Depends on: - patient ability - gingival health and anatomical morphology - position of teeth - patient compliance

Answer 89

- Every patient should be cautioned about damage that may be caused by vigorously scrubbing teeth with any toothbrush - Over time, this may cause abnormal abrasion (wear) of tooth structure, gingival recession and exposure of root surface

Answer 90

1. Fones 2. Rolling Stroke 3. Modified Bass 4. Modified Stillman 5. Charters

Answer 91

- Individualize treatment - Patient specific techniques - Dexterity - Age - Motivation - General oral condition

Answer 92

- Circular method - Usually for young children, toddlers and for patients with decreased dexterity - Circular motion - Bring anterior teeth end to end emphasizing to get all teeth (with children) - For lingual surfaces, we do an "in-and-out" stroke

Answer 93

- Cleaning gingiva, removal of dental plaque, materia alba and food debris from teeth without focusing on sulcus - Place brush apically close to attached gingiva and apply slight pressure and roll down or up - Usually used in combination with another technique

Answer 94

- Most widely accepted method for plaque removal adjacent and directly below gingival margin - Removal of dental plaque at cervical third - Brush is placed at 45 degrees apically with 1-2 bristle rows directed into the sulcus very gently - Vibrate brush back-and-forth for 5-10 strokes without removing the brush tips from sulcus - Roll down or up after vibration

Answer 95

- Ideal for individuals that have recession - Removes plaque and massages gingiva - Bristles help at 45 degrees apically and partly on the attached gingiva - Flex bristles so tissues blanch slightly - Vibrate gently, keeping tips of bristles in position - Roll down or up after vibration

Answer 96

Used for: - Patients receiving orthodontic treatment - Patients with prosthetic appliances - Individuals with severe loss of interdental papillae height

Answer 97

1. Acute inflammation or a traumatic lesion - patients should be instructed to brush all areas of mouth that are not affected; resume regular oral hygiene asap 2. After periodontal surgery - patients may be instructed to brush only the occlusal surfaces and to use very light strokes over the dressing 3. After dental extractions - patients are usually instructed to avoid the surgical site, but to brush the other teeth as per usual 4. After dental restorations - most often, patients are instructed to brush all areas of their mouth normally

Answer 98

- Many organisms are present on our tongues - Brushing the tongue: i. slows formation of biofilm ii. reduces the number of microorganisms iii. reduces halitosis iv. contributes to overall cleanliness v. helps improve issues with: xerostomia, coated tongue issues, deep fissures, tobacco product use

Preventive Procedures 1 (Midterm Review: Outcome 1-4.4) Flashcards

(122 cards)