Oral Board Revision Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
An Air Traffic Service is a generic term meaning variously…
A
- Air Traffic Control Service
- Air Traffic Advisory Service
- Flight Information Service
- Alerting Service
N.B. Air Traffic Control Service takes precedence over Flight Information Service
2
Q
The objectives of the Air Traffic Services shall be to…
A
- Prevent collisions between ACFT
- Prevent collisions between ACFT on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area
- Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic
- Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights
- Notify appropriate organisations regarding ACFT in need of search and rescue aid, and to assist such organisations as required
3
Q
Air Traffic Control service shall be provided to…
A
- All IFR flights in airspace classes A, B, C, D and E
- All VFR flights in airspace classes B, C and D
- All Special VFR flights
- All aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes
4
Q
Where is an Air Traffic Advisory Service provided?
A
Within Class F airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between participation IFR flights
N.B. Class F airspace is not currently established in UK FIRs
5
Q
What shall a Flight Information Service provide information on?
A
- SIGMET/AIRMET
- Volcanic activity
- Release of toxic/radioactive materials
- Availability of radio navigation services
- Changes in condition at ADs and associated facilities
- Unmanned free balloons
- Space weather phenomena
- Any other information likely to affect flight safety
N.B. The purpose of a flight information service is to provide information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flight
6
Q
What is the purpose of an Alerting Service?
A
To notify appropriate organisations regarding ACFT in need of search and rescue aid and assist such organisations as necessary
N.B. All ATC units shall provide an alerting service to ACFT under their jurisdiction
7
Q
Flight Information Region airspace is below which flight level?
A
FL245
N.B. At and above FL245 is the Upper Flight Information Region (UIR)
8
Q
A pilot must fly according to IFR if…
A
- The airspace has been notified as class A
- The meteorological conditions preclude VFR flight or (within a control zone) SVFR flight
9
Q
Aerodrome Control Responsibilities
A
Aerodrome Control shall issue information and instructions to ACFT under its control to achieve a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic with the objective of:
- Preventing collisions between:
(a) ACFT flying in, and in the vicinity of, the ATZ
(b) ACFT taking-off and landing
(c) ACFT and vehicles, obstructions and other ACFT on the manoeuvring area - Assist in preventing collisions between ACFT on the apron
N.B. Pilots and vehicles must also fulfil own responsibilities in prevention of collisions
10
Q
Aerodrome Specific Responsibilities
A
- Notifying emergency services as per local instructions
- Informing ACFT under its control of any depletion of the aerodrome emergency services
- Providing an Approach Control Service when carrying out functions delegated by Approach Control
- Supplying the following information to Approach Control and, according to unit instructions, Approach Radar Control:
(a) Pertinent data on IFR, Special VFR and VFR traffic including departures, missed approaches and overdue ACFT
(b) Appropriate items of essential aerodrome information - Informing the Aerodrome Operator when it becomes apparent that there is a deterioration in the state of the aerodrome or associated facilities for which the Aerodrome Operator is responsible
- Initiating overdue action at aerodromes where no Approach Control unit is established
11
Q
Aerodrome Control shall coordinate what with Approach Control?
A
- Departing IFR flights
- Arriving ACFT which make their first call on the tower frequency (unless they are transferred to Approach Control
12
Q
Approach Control will coordinate what with Aerodrome Control?
A
- ACFT approaching to land; if necessary requesting landing clearance
- Arriving ACFT which are to be cleared to visual holding points
- ACFT routeing through the traffic circuit
13
Q
Define Coordination
A
The act of negotiation between two or more parties each vested with the authority to make executive decisions appropriate to the task being discharged
14
Q
When can coordination be said to be effected?
A
When all parties have agreed a course of action
15
Q
Essential Aerodrome Information
A
Essential aerodrome information shall include:
1. Construction work or maintenance on the manoeuvring area
2. Rough or broken portions of the manoeuvring area and whether marked or not
3. Failure or irregular functioning of the aerodrome lighting system. Defects must be passed to pilots in the form that they have been reported to the controller. Controllers should not make assumptions that a particular defect renders an associated aid unserviceable or not available. The pilot is responsible for deciding his course of action
4. Failure or irregular functioning of approach aids;
5. ACFT parked close to the runways or taxiways and aircraft engaged in ground running of engines
6. Water, snow, slush, ice or frost on a runway, a taxiway or an apron
7. In snow and ice conditions: information concerning anti-icing or de-icing liquid chemicals or other contaminants or sweeping and/or sanding of runways, taxiways and aprons
8. Bird formations or individual large birds reported or observed on or above the manoeuvring area or in the immediate vicinity of the aerodrome and the extent of any bird dispersal action being carried out. When flocks of birds or single large ones are
seen, the Aerodrome Operator or Bird Control Unit must be informed
9. Information on the location and operational status of any arrester gear installation
16
Q
Reduced Separation in the Vicinity of Aerodrome
A
In the vicinity of ADs, standard separation minima may be reduced if:
1. Adequate separation can be provided by the aerodrome controller when each ACFT is continuously visible to this controller
2. Each ACFT is continuously visible to the pilots of other ACFT concerned and the pilots report that they can maintain their own separation
3. When one ACFT is following another, the pilot of the succeeding ACFT reports the other ACFT is in sight and can maintain their own separation
17
Q
Flight Priorities
A
A - Emergency, Police Emergency, Ambulance/Medical/SAR where safety of life involved
B - SAR, Humanitarian, Post Accident Flight Checks, Open Skies Flights, Normal Police Ops
C - Royal Flights, Flights Carrying Visiting Heads of State (Notified by NOTAM)
D - Heads of Government and Senior Ministers
E - HEMS/SAR positioning flights Calibration Flights
Normal Flights and Exam Flights
Z - Training, Non-Standard, Other Flights
18
Q
Conditions of Multiple Line Ups
A
Line-up instructions may be issued to more than one ACFT at different points on the same or crossing runways provided that:
1. It is during daylight hours
2. All ACFT are continuously visible to the aerodrome controller
3. All ACFT are on the same RTF frequency
4. Pilots are advised of the number of ACFT ahead in the departure sequence, and the position/runway from which these ACFT will depart
5. The physical characteristics of the runway do not render preceding ACFT in the departure sequence invisible to succeeding ACFT on the same runway
19
Q
Conditions of Land After
A
When ACFT are using the same runway, a landing ACFT may be permitted to touch down before a preceding landing ACFT which has landed is clear of the runway provided that:
1. The runway is long enough to allow safe separation between the two ACFT and there is no evidence to indicate that braking may be adversely affected
2. It is during daylight hours;
3. The preceding landing ACFT is not required to backtrack in order to vacate the runway
4. The controller is satisfied that the landing ACFT will be able to see the preceding ACFT which has landed, clearly and continuously, until it has vacated the runway
5. The pilot of the following ACFT is warned. Responsibility for ensuring adequate separation rests with the pilot of the following ACFT
20
Q
Why is an Aerodrome Traffic Monitor (ATM) provided at some airports and what are it uses?
A
Assists in achieving maximum runway utilisation and aerodrome capacity
ATM may be used to:
- Determine the landing order, spacing and distance from touchdown of arriving ACFT
- Assist in applying longitudinal separation for departing ACFT
- Enable the controller to confirm that the initial track of a departing ACFT conforms with the clearance issued
- Provide information to ACFT on the position of other ACFT in the circuit or carrying out an instrument approach
21
Q
Additional uses of ATM when approved by CAA
A
- Following identification, validate SSR codes of departing ACFT and verify associated Mode C read-outs
- Monitor the progress of overflying ACFT identified by Approach Radar Control to ensure that they do not conflict with the tracks of arriving or departing ACFT
- Establish separation between departing ACFT
- Pass traffic information
- Establish separation in the event of a missed approach
- Assist in taking initial corrective action when the separation between arriving ACFT becomes less than the prescribed minima
Above provided that:
- The controller has undertaken specified training
- The controller is only providing an Air Control Service and a separate Ground Control Service is being provided by another controller on a separate frequency
- The procedures are detailed in MATS Part 2
22
Q
Runway changes, who is told, coordinated with etc list
A
Should a change of runway be necessary Aerodrome Control, after consultation with Approach Control, shall inform the following:
1. ACFT under their control
2. Aerodrome Fire Service
3. Contractors working on the aerodrome who will be affected by the change
4. Other agencies according to local instructions
23
Q
Lighting periods of display
A
Aerodrome lighting appropriate to the runway a pilot is to use shall be displayed for an appropriate period of time as specified in MATS Part 2, before any ETA and after any ATD as follows:
1. By day: High intensity systems, where installed on the runway to be used, whenever the visibility is less than 5 km and/or the cloud base is less than 700 ft
2. By night: Irrespective of weather conditions
24
Q
When should aerodrome surface inspections take place?
A
- At least one regular inspection daily
(a) H24 aerodromes - As soon as practicable after first light
(b) Non H24 aerodromes - Before flying commences - Further inspection before night flying
Additional surface inspections should be made:
- Cessation of work on the manoeuvring area
- Runway not previously inspected brought into use
- Following an ACFT accident
- Following an abandoned TKOF by a turbine engined ACFT due engine malfunction, or by any ACFT due burst tyres
- During snow and ice conditions as frequently as weather conditions warrant
- When considered necessary by ATC or Aerodrome Operator or as detailed in local instructions
25
ATC Actions - Malicious use of lasers against ACFT
1. Acknowledge report from pilot
2. Seek as much information as possible from pilot:
(a) Time of attack
(b) Altitude and position at time of attack
(c) Description of laser
(d) Any avoiding action taken
(e) Any impact upon vision/concentration
3. Anticipate pilot adopting manoeuvres to minimise impact
4. Dial 999 - inform police
5. Warn other ACFT in vicinity
6. Record in watch log and report occurrence in accordance with…
26
ATC Actions - Malicious use of lasers against ATC
1. Look away if possible
2. Shield eyes, use blinds if feasible
3. Advise ACFT under your control that a laser is illuminating you
4. Avoid rubbing eyes to reduce potential corneal abrasion
5. Increase ambient light if feasible
6. Consider handing over control to a colleague in position not exposed to laser
7. Inform supervisor, aerodrome operator and pass information to police
8. Ensure laser attack is recorded in watch log and on SRG 1602
27
Define **MOR** and when should one be filed?
**Mandatory Occurrence Report**
After any occurrence which has, or if not corrected would have, endangered an ACFT, its occupants or any other person
28
VMC exemptions
- Helicopters conducting Police, HEMS (Helimed), SAR including SAR training flights operating in accordance with a LoA
- Helicopters conducting power line, pipeline and rail track inspection flights
29
Controller Taking-Over Watch (TOW)
1. Latest promulgated orders/instructions/notices/signals, serviceability of aerodrome and its facilities and any Royal, Special or NDS flights expected during the period of their watch
2. Current weather situation and tendencies for the period of their watch. Accomplished by a study of forecasts and prognostic charts supplied by MET Office and briefing from designated forecast unit
3. Serviceability of all equipment under their charge and liable to be used during the period of their watch
4. Prevailing air traffic situation, with particular reference to separation standards
30
Controller Handing-Over Watch (HOW)
1. General information, including any variations from routine operations
2. Other supplementary information relating to the position
3. The detailed traffic situation
31
What is an **ATZ**
**Aerodrome Traffic Zone**
- Airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic
- Radius from midpoint of 2NM (RWY less than 1850m) or 2.5NM (RWY longer than 1850m)
- If end of any RWY is less than 1.5nm from the edge of ATZ, radius usually extended to 2.5NM
- From the surface to 2000ft aal
N.B. MATZ (Military ATZ) contains an ATZ which requires permission to enter. Permission not required to enter MATZ
32
What is a **CTR**?
**Control Zone**
- Controlled airspace which has been further notified as a control zone and extend upwards from the surface
- Extends to at least 5nm from the centre of the aerodrome or aerodromes concerned in the directions from which approached may be made
33
What is a **CTA**?
**Control Area**
- Controlled airspace which has been further notified as a control area and which extends upwards from a notified altitude or flight level
- Sit on top of some CTRs
- Must encompass sufficient airspace to contain flight paths of IFR flights receiving a service, taking into account navaids available
- Minimum of 700ft agl
34
ACFT flying below FL100 are required observe, with exceptions, a speed limit of 250 kt IAS. What are these exceptions?
1. Flights in Class A and B airspace
2. IFR flights in Class C airspace
3. Exempted VFR flights in Class C airspace when authorised by an ATC unit in accordance with MATS Part 2
4. Exempted flights in Class D airspace when authorised by an ATC unit in accordance with MATS Part 2
5. Test flights in accordance with specified conditions
6. ACFT taking part in flying displays when authorised by the CAA
7. ACFT subject to written permission granted by the CAA
8. State ACFT such as military aircraft
35
**Effect of weather on operations**
Below what minima at aerodromes in Class D shall controllers not issue a VFR clearance to ACFT wishing to operate under VFR to or from AD, or enter the ATZ or AD traffic circuit? What are the exemptions?
**Class D**
- When ground visibility <5km and/or cloud ceiling <1500ft, day or night
- When above conditions exist, no further VFR clearances to be issued to ACFT wishing to operate VFR
- ATC shall advise ACFT intending to operate under VFR and request pilot to specify type of clearance required - SVFR or IFR
**Exemptions from above**
Helicopters using Police, Helimed, Rescue, Electricity, Grid, Powerline or Pipeline callsigns or SAR training flights operating in accordance with MATS 2 or rail track inspection flights
36
SVFR flights are not to hinder __________
SVFR flights must be at a speed of __________
SVFR flights must remain COCSIS, which stands for _________
1. IFR Flights
2. 140 kt IAS or less
3. Clear of cloud, surface in sight
37
Below what minima at aerodromes in Class D shall controllers not issue a SVFR clearance to ACFT wishing to operate under SVFR to or from an AD within a CTR, or enter the ATZ or AD traffic circuit? What are the exemptions?
**By day or night**
- Cloud ceiling less than 600ft and/or ground visibility **less than 1500m for fixed wing ACFT** and **less than 800m for helicopters**
- When above conditions exist, no further SVFR clearances to be issued to ACFT wishing to operate SVFR
- ATC shall advise ACFT intending to operate under SVFR and request pilot to specify type of clearance required - IFR
**Exemptions**
Helicopters using Police, Helimed, Rescue, Electricity, Grid, Powerline or Pipeline callsigns, or a SAR training flight operating in accordance with MATS 2, or rail track inspection flights
38
What is the time frame for an MOR?
72 hours
39
What is CA939?
Form for infringement of legislation. Accompany with an MOR
40
Which services shall an aerodrome control provide?
1. Aerodrome control service
2. Basic service
3. Alerting service
N.B. Can be combined with an approach control unit
41
Royal flights in fixed wing ACFT will, whenever possible, be planned to take place within __________
Permanent controlled airspace
42
Standard ATC procedure applies to Royal Flights operating in permanent Class A, C and D airspace. In all other instances, what will be established?
**Temporary Controlled Airspace (CAS-T), notified as Class D**
- Regardless of prevailing meteorological conditions, clearance is required to enter CAS-T
- Created to encompass any portion of track and flight level of the Royal ACFT which lies outside of permanent Class A, C and D airspace
- Temporary CTRs and CTAs
43
**Temporary Class D Control Zones (CTR) for Royal Flights**
- Established around airfields of departure/destination where no permanent CTRs exist
- Lateral/vertical limits to meet specific requirements
- 15 mins before until 30 mins after after ETD for outbounds or ETA for inbounds
- Overall control by Commanding Officer of military airfield or ATS authority if civil aerodrome
N.B. Can be cancelled at discretion of military commander or civil ATC supervisor when Royal ACFT has left temporary CTR or CTA and is established in permanent Class A, C or D or has landed
44
**Temporary Class D Control Areas (CTA) for Royal Flights**
- Established in the shape of a corridor to join temporary or permanent CTRs/CTAs as appropriate
- 15 mins before ETA at start point until 30 mins after ETD from end/departure point of established area
- Lateral/vertical limits to meet specific requirements
- Lateral/vertical limits, duration and controlling authority by NOTAM
N.B. Can be cancelled at discretion of military commander or civil ATC supervisor when Royal ACFT has left temporary CTR or CTA and is established in permanent Class A, C or D or has landed
45
Class E CTAs are reclassified as __________
**Class D temporary CTA**
- Duration as per temporary CTRs
- Controlling authority to remain the controlling authority of the permanent control area
46
Squawk code for Royal Flights?
0037
47
Is CAS-T airspace normally established for Royal Flights in helicopters?
**No**
- Normal ATC procedures apply within or wishing to join CAS
- If outside CAS, a Royal Low Level Corridor will be promulgated by NOTAM or a TRA established
48
What do protected military zones refer to?
- Royal Low Level Corridors and apply to military ACFT only
- Extends 5nm either side of helicopters intended track and from surface to 1000ft above maximum cruising level
- Military flying in zones is strictly controlled, lateral separation of at least 5nm from Royal Helicopter except:
(a) Military light ACFT and helicopters of 140kt or less - pilots can look out and maintain own separation
(b) Military ACFT VFR above 140 its allowed with approval of Royal Helicopter Commander
- Promulgated by NOTAM
49
Diversions for Royal Flights
- Operational control of Royal ACFTof 32 (The
Royal) Squadron is vested in RAF, pilot retains authority to deviate from flight plan if necessary
- Operational control of civilian chartered ACFT used for Royal Flights remains with airline and diversions dealt with according to civil practices
50
When an ATSU receives information that a Royal Flight has been involved in an incident giving rise to public comment, the senior controller is to…
Pass details to parent ACC immediately
51
Diversion procedures
**When specifically requested by pilot to inform company or nominated addressee of diversion:**
- Controller shall inform original destination or aerodrome nearest to original destination
- An ATSU receiving such a message is to pass it to the addressee
**When ATC need to divert an ACFT:**
- Controller and ACFT operator shall decide diversion aerodrome between them
- Request to divert shall be passed to pilot with reason, ATC clearance and further instructions
- Pilot has final say - primarily responsible for safety of ACFT
**In an emergency**
- Divert the ACFT first and inform operator/nominated addressee as soon as possible
**Diversion of Military ACFT**
- Inform D&D
**Diversion to RAF ADs**
- Don’t divert ACFT to RAF or USAF ADs unless an emergency/authorised by D&D
52
Runway Condition Codes
- **6**:
DRY
- **5**:
(i) FROST
(ii) WET - RWY covered by any visible dampness or water, up to and including 3mm depth
(iii) Up to and including 3mm depth: SLUSH, DRY SNOW or WET SNOW
- **4**:
-15ºC and colder outside air temperature - COMPACTED SNOW
- **3**:
(i) WET (Slippery wet RWY) - More than 3mm depth
(ii) DRY SNOW or WET SNOW (any depth) ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
(iii) More than 3mm depth: DRY SNOW or WET SNOW
(iv) Warmer than -15ºC Outside air temperature - COMPACTED SNOW
- **2**:
More than 3mm depth: STANDING WATER or SLUSH
- **1**:
ICE
- **0**:
WET ICE, WATER ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW, DRY SNOW or WET SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
53
Report of runway condition shall include
- RWY condition code for each RWY 3rd
- Type/depth of contaminant
- Percentage of coverage
- Available width and/or length
- Other related information
54
What is the clear and graded area?
- Part of the RWY strip cleared of all obstacles except for minor specified items and graded, intended to reduce risk of damage to an ACFT running off the RWY
- Landing/TKOF clearance to be withheld if obstacle is within the area
N.B. Localisers will be inside this area but will be listed in the AIP
55
Items logged in the ATC Watch Log
1. Changes to serviceability of radio and surveillance systems
2. Essential aerodrome information and changes to RWY in use
3. Result of routine equipment checks conducted by controller
4. Details of reportable events such as ACFT accidents, incidents and AIRPROXs
5. Any unusual occurrences
6. Hand-over of responsibility for providing ATC services and, at non H24 units, times of opening and closing of watch
56
Define **AIRPROX**
A situation in which, in the opinion of the pilot or a controller, the distance between ACFT as well as their relative positions and speeds have been such that the safety of the ACFT involved was or may have been compromised
57
What is contained in an AIRPROX report from a pilot and what are the actions of the senior controller?
- The words AIRPROX report
- Position at time of incident
- Time of incident
- Altitude/FL (Climbing, descending or level flight)
- Heading
- Brief details of incident including first sighting and miss distance
- Weather conditions
**Senior controller actions**
- Inform ACC supervisor
- Inform ACFT operators according to local unit instructions
- Submit an MOR
58
**Visual Approach**
To expedite traffic at any time, IFR flights, either within or outside controlled airspace, may be authorised to execute visual approaches if pilot reports that ____________________ and:
Visual reference to the surface can be maintained
And
1. Reported cloud ceiling is at or above level of the beginning of the initial approach segment
Or
2. Pilot reports at any time after commencing approach procedure that visibility will permit a visual approach and landing, and reasonable assurance exists that this can be accomplished
**Pilots are to be informed of any recommended wake turbulence separation minima**
N.B. Controllers shall exercise caution of there is reason to believe flight crew is not familiar with AD and surrounding terrain
59
When shall controllers not clear an ACFT for a visual approach?
**When RVR is less than 800m**
In this case, controller will inform pilot that is type of approach is unavailable and request pilots intentions
N.B. When IRVR in use, touchdown value to be used. That such ACFT as IFR for separation
60
When is **Transfer of Control** achieved and where does it normally take place?
When a flight, which is operating in accordance with co-ordination, has reached the position or level agreed between the transferring and accepting units
**Normally takes place**:
1. Agreed reporting point
2. On an estimate for an FIR boundary
3. At or passing an agreed level
4. While ACFT is climbing or descending to a previously agreed level, provided that transferring controller has ensured that standard separation will exist between transferred ACFT and all others for remainder of climb or descent
N.B. Continue as cleared not to be used in response to initial call
61
**Transfer of Communication**
**May be permitted so that instructions, which become effective later, can be issued**
Accepting ATC unit in communication with an ACFT not having yet reached stage of transfer of control shall not alter clearance without approval of transferring unit
N.B. Not to be confused with transfer of control
62
When may IFR flights operating with visual reference to the surface be transferred by Approach Control to Aerodrome Control?
1. When an ACFT carrying out instrument approach becomes ‘number 1 to land’, and for following ACFT when they are established on final approach and have been provided with appropriate separation from preceding ACFT
2. ACFT operating in the traffic circuit
3. ACFT approaching visually below all cloud when reported AD visibility is 10 km or more
**For 2 and 3, ADC workload must be such as to allow use of one of reduced separations permitted in the vicinity of ADs**
63
Unless specified otherwise in MATS Part 2, responsibility for control of a departing ACFT shall be transferred from Aerodrome Control to Approach Control:
1. **In VMC**: prior to ACFT leaving vicinity of AD, or entering IMC
2. **In IMC**: Immediately after ACFT is airborne
64
Restricted Operations - Responsibilities of ATC
- Inform AD operator of any hazards to movement of ACFT on apron or manoeuvring area
- If obstacle within RWY cleared and graded area or there is doubt of its position, withhold TKOF/Landing clearances and inform pilot of reason. Inform ACC
- If obstacle on manoeuvring area, advise pilot of its position and nature. It is then pilots responsibility
65
What shall contractors making repairs be briefed on by ATC?
1. Methods of access to working area
2. Area in which vehicles may operate
3. RWY in use and effects of any changes
4. Methods of obtaining permission to cross RWY in use;
5. Signals or methods of indicating that vehicles and personnel must leave manoeuvring area
66
Considerations for determining RWY in use
- **S**urface wind (if light & variable consider 2000ft wind)
- **T**raffic pattern
- **R**WY lengths/landing runs
- **A**vailability of approach aids
- **M**anoeuvring area serviceability
- **A**erodrome lighting
- **W**eather
- **N**oise abatement (not be a factor if crosswind/tailwind component, including gusts, exceeds 15 kt/5 kt respectively)
N.B. STRAMAWN
67
Phraseology for cancelling TKOF clearance
**ACFT Moving**
“*CALLSIGN*, stop immediately, I say again, *CALLSIGN* stop immediately, acknowledge”
**ACFT Not Moving**
“*CALLSIGN*, hold position, cancel take-off, I say again cancel take-off, acknowledge”
68
Aerodrome Control can be divided into…
**Air Control and Ground Control**
Clearance Delivery Officer positions may be established at ADs to relay ATC departure clearances with approved procedures in MATS Part 2
69
Vehicles moving along a RWY or TWY shall give way at all times to…
ACFT taking off, landing, taxiing or being towed, except that emergency services proceeding to assist an ACFT in distress shall be afforded priority over all surface movement traffic.
N.B. Surface movement traffic should be halted so as not to impede emergency vehicles
70
Define **RWY Incursion**
Incorrect presence of an ACFT, vehicle or person on protected surface for ACFT TKOF and landing.
N.B. Protected area includes RWY strip, clear and graded area, obstacle free zone and ILS sensitive areas
71
Uses of Surface Movement Radar (SMR)
**When traffic cannot adequately be seen from control tower during low visibility or darkness to**:
1. Monitor movements of ACFT and vehicles on manoeuvring area
2. Provide advice and assistance for safe and efficient movement of ACFT and vehicles on manoeuvring area. This should include the following:
(a) Ensure that departing ACFT are lined up on correct RWY
(b) Determining that a RWY is clear of ACFT and vehicles
(c) Ascertain that ACFT have commenced TKOF run
(d) Monitor positions of traffic in order to facilitate switching of TWY lighting
(e) Monitor and assist emergency service vehicles when required
72
Methods of SMR identification
By correlating:
1. A position of visually observed ACFT/vehicle to that displayed on SMR; or
2. An identified SMR position from another ATS surveillance system source; or
3. A SMR position complying with an ATC instruction for a specified manoeuvre; or
4. A displayed SMR position to an ACFT/vehicle as reported by radio; or
5. A displayed SMR position to an ACFT/vehicle position, e.g. entering RWY or TWY, holding position or any position marked on situation display
73
What is an ATIS and its contents?
**Automatic Terminal Information Service**
- Automatic provision of current, routine information to arriving and departing ACFT throughout 24 hour period or specific portion thereof
- Transmitted via datalink (D-ATIS) or by voice on a loop
**Contents**
1. **NAME** of aerodrome
2. Arrival and/or departure **INDICATOR**
3. Contract **TYPE**, if communication is via D-ATIS
4. **DESIGNATOR**
5. **TIME** of observation
6. Type of **APPROACH** to be expected
7. **RWY** in use, status of arresting system constituting a potential hazard
8. Significant RWY surface **CONDITIONS** and if appropriate, **BRAKING ACTION**
9. Holding **DELAY** if appropriate
10. **TRANSITION LEVEL**
11. Other **ESSENTIAL** operational **INFORMATION**
12. Current **METAR**
13. Any available information on **SIGNIFICANT METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA** in the approach and climb out areas including wind shear, and information on weather of operational significance
14. **TREND FORECAST** when available
15. **SPECIFIC** ATIS instructions
N.B. Contents must be remembered in the order listed
74
A flight information service consists of…
- **Basic service** - Provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights - avoidance of other traffic is pilots responsibility
- **Traffic service** - Basic service + specific surveillance derived traffic information to assist pilot in avoiding other traffic - avoidance of other traffic is pilots responsibility
- **Deconfliction service** - Basic service + specific surveillance derived information and issues appropriate instructions aimed at achieving deconfliction minima - avoidance of other traffic is pilots responsibility
- **Procedural service** - Basic service + restrictions, instructions, and approach clearances, which if complied with, shall achieve deconfliction minima against other ACFT participating
75
Considerations in determining departure order
- Type of ACFT and relative performance
- Route to be followed after TKOF
- Minimum Departure Interval (MDI)?
- Need to apply wake turbulence separation minima
- ACFT which should be afforded priority
- ACFT subject to ATFM requirements (Slots) - Joint pilot and controller responsibility
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Contents of an ATC clearance
1. ACFT identification as per flight plan
2. Clearance limit
3. Route, where prescribed in MATS Part 2;
4. Levels of flight for entire route or part thereof and changes of levels if required
5. Any necessary instructions or information on other matters such as approach or departure manoeuvres, communications and time of expiry of clearance
N.B. A clearance authorises an ACFT to proceed under specified conditions. Clearance limit can be an AD, reporting point or controlled or advisory airspace boundary
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What is **RVR**?
When is it made available?
What are the methods of measuring it?
What is the phraseology for passing it?
**RWY Visual Range** - Indicates range over which pilot of ACFT on centreline of RWY can expect to see RWY surface markings, lights delineating RWY or identifying its centreline
**Made available when** - METAR gives visibility of less than 1500m
**Methods of reporting** - Human observer method and IRVR (transmissometers - TDZ, MID and STP. 0-400m in 25m steps, 400-800m in 50m steps and 800-1500m in 100m steps
**Phraseology example** - “RVR RWY27 600 600 200m”
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Restricted Operations - Responsibilities of the Aerodrome Operator
Responsible for decisions regarding operational status of the aerodrome in respect of:
1. Routine operational limitations e.g. RWY maintenance
2. Unforeseen hazards to ACFT operations e.g. deteriorating surface conditions, obstructions etc. Specifically, the Aerodrome Operator will make decisions regarding:
(a) Closure or re-opening of the AD
(b) Withdrawal or return to use of RWYs, TWYs, and associated lighting aids
(c) Revision of declared distances
(d) Any marking required in connection with above
(e) Initiating NOTAM action to promulgate changes in serviceability
