Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

National Boards > Oral Histology > Flashcards

Oral Histology Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Layers of oral mucosa

A

California Girls String Bikinis

Corneum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basement membrane in oral mucosa

A

Type IV cartilage
Laminin

Hemidesmosomes mediate epithelial attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Specialized epithelial cells of oral mucosa

A

Melanocytes
Keratinocytes
Langerhans cells (may extend into the stratum Spinosum)
Merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false: all oral mucosa contains stratified squamous epithelium

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gingiva

A

Fibrous and keratinized
Contains stratified squamous epithelium with rete pegs
Extends from gingival margin to mucogingival junction
MGJ separates gingiva from alveolar mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chronic mouth breathing can result in pronounced ________ especially in the anterior regions

A

Gingival erythema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zones of gingiva

A

Attached: bound to periosteum and cementum; 40% population has stippling

Free (unattached): coronal to attached gingiva, separated from tooth by gingival sulcus
Interdental papilla
Gingival col (under contact areas, nonkeratinized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What separates the attached and unattached gingiva?

A

The free gingival groove

Not to be confused with the mucogingival junction that separates gingiva from alveolar mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 major types of oral epithelium

A

Masticatory: gingiva and hard palate; thick, keratinized stratified squamous

Lining: soft palate, alveolar mucosa, FOM, buccal mucosa, lips, ventral tongue; nonkeratinized except for lips

Specialized: dorsal tongue; thick stratified squamous with both keratinized and nonkeratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false: denture abrasion rarely causes masticatory mucosa (gingiva and hard palate) to become orthokeratinized

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is biologic width?

A

the length of the dentogingival junction

Average width of epithelial attachment is 0.97mm and connective tissue attachment is 1.07mm = mean biologic width of 2.04mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dentogingival junction

A

Attachment of gingiva to the tooth
Consists of epithelial and connective tissue

Forms as oral epithelium fused with reduced enamel epithelium during eruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dentogingival epithelium

A

Sulcular epithelium: stratified squamous nonkeratinized without rete pegs extending from gingival margin to junctional epithelium

Junctional epithelium: stratified to single layer nonkeratinized epithelium without rete pegs that adheres to tooth at sulcus to provide epithelial attachment to tooth
2 basal laminae (internal and external)
Note: internal does not contain type IV collagen unlike other basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dentigingival connective tissue

A

Type I collagen

Other components are fibroblasts, leukocyte X, mast cells, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gingival fiber groups - functions

A

Support gingiva and aid in attachment to alveolar bone and teeth

Continuous with PDL

Resist gingival displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gingival fiber groups - types

A

Don’t confuse with PDL fibers!

Dentogingival: fan laterally from cementum into adjacent CT

Alveologingival: fan coronally from alveolar crest to adjacent CT

Dentoperiosteal: extend from cementum over alveolar crest and turn apically to insert into buccal alveolar bone

Circumferential: surround tooth in circular fashion and help prevent rotational forced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: connective tissue adjacent to Sulcular and junctional epithelia generally contains a decreased inflammatory infiltrate compared to that adjacent to oral epithelium

A

False

It is higher

PMNs and other leukocyte migrate between epithelial cells into the sulcus and account for s significant portion of gingival crevicular fluid along with plasma proteins, epithelial cells, and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dentin

A

Elastic, avascular, 70% mineralized tissue if a yellowish color

Originated from ectomesenchyme cells of dental papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dentinogenesis (mantle dentin formation)

A

Odontoblasts become elongated and organelles are polarized due to ameloblastic induction

Mantle dentin is formed starting st DEJ progressing in toward pulp (initial 150 micrometers of dentin)
Predentin: type I collagen and ground substance

Odontoblasts continue inward leaving odontoblastic processes (Tomes fibers) in dentinal tubules

Odontoblastic professed release matrix vesicles containing calcium that ruptured to form hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dentinogenesis (circumpulpal)

A

Odontoblasts secrete collagen fibrils perpendicular to odontoblastic processes

Mineralization occurs by globular calcification
Interglobular dentin = failure of fusion

Odontoblastic processes shrink to allow space for hyper mineralized peritubular dentin

Intertubular dentin makes the majority of circumpulpal dentin

Dead tracts: necrotic osteoblastic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reparative dentin formation

A

Formed only at specific sites of injury

Type I and iii collagen produced by odontoblast-like cells from pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of shape do coronal dentinal tubules take?

A

S shaped

Radicular tubules are generally straight

More tubules concentrated near pulp than DEJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does mantle dentin or intertubular dentin have larger collagen fibrils?

A

Mantle dentin has large diameter fibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Classification of dentin by time of formation

A

Mantle: first 150micrometers formed close to CEJ and CDJ

Circumpulpal: dentin formed after until tooth formation is complete

Reparative: formed in response to trauma

Sclerotic: results from calcification of dentinal tubules as one ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Classification of dentin by root completion
Primary: formed before root complete ion Secondary: formed after root completion Tertiary: formed in response to trauma with irregular tubules
26
Classification of dentin by proximity to dentinal tubules
Peritubular: hypermineralized dentin formed within perimeter of dentinal professed Intertubular: hypomineralized dentin found between dentinal tubules Inter globular: hypomineralized dentin between improperly fused HA globules
27
Dentin classification by location
Coronal: may contain interglobular dentin and dead tracts Radicular: may contain hypomineralized Tomes granular layer
28
Cross striations and incremental lines of dentin
Daily imbrication line of von Ebner: daily periodic bands Contour lines of Owen: wide rings produced by metabolic disturbances in odontogenesis that run perpendicular to dentinal tubules Neonatal line: pronounced contour line of Owen formed during physiologic trauma at birth
29
What is the rate that odontoblasts move daily?
4-8 micrometers per day
30
Effects of aging on dentin
Increased sclerotic dentin Increased reparative dentin Increased dead tracts
31
Dentinal hypersensitivity
Myelinated nerve fibers have been found in dentinal tubules and can be stimulated Changes in dentinal fluid pressure can affect pulp all nerve fibers directly or cause damage to odontoblasts to release inflammatory mediators in pulp
32
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Autosomal dominant defects in dentin formation resulting in opalescent colored teeth with bulb shaped friend and soft dentin Type 1: often occurs with osteogenesis imperfecta (blue sclera) Type 2: not associated with osteogenesis imperfecta Type 3: rare form exhibiting multiple pulp exposures of primary dentin
33
Dentin dysplasia
Autosomal dominant Defect in dentin formation and pulp morphology Normal tooth color Root dentin affected more - roots can be short, blunt, or absent
34
Enamel
Most calcified and brittle substance in body Yellowish to gray white, translucent Originated from ectoderm cells of inner enamel epithelium
35
Amelogenesis - enamel formation
Ameloblasts become elongated and organelles are polarized before odontoblasts Enamel matrix is produced perpendicular to DEJ and progresses outward Oldest enamel is located at DEJ under cusp Ameloblastic activity occurs after mantle dentin formation As ameloblasts retreat, Tomes professes are formed around which enamel matrix proteins are secreted
36
Amelogenesis - enamel maturation
Final mineralization occurs with inorganic ion influx and removal of water and protein to form HA crystals Enamel rods are elongated units extending from width of enamel from DEJ to outer surface Each keyhole shaped rod is formed by four ameloblasts At cusp tips, enamel rods appear twisted and intertwined and are called gnarled enamel
37
What is the main protein in enamel matrix?
Amelogenin (90%) Other proteins include enamelin and tuftelin
38
Enamel protection
When enamel maturation is complete, outer enamel epithelium, stratum intermedium, and stellate reticulum collapse onto ameloblastic layer to form reduced enamel epithelium REE is worn away after tooth eruption and replaced by salivary pellucid
39
Cross striations and incremental lines of enamel
Daily imbrication lines: daily periodic bands Striae of Retzius: weekly periodic bands Perikymata: shallow depressions on enamel surface where these lines reach shreds Disappear with age Neonatal line: more apparent stria of Retzius during trauma at birth Hunter-Schreger bands: light and dark zones produced only as an optical phenomenon during light microscopy of longitudinally ground sections
40
What is the rate of enamel production per day?
4 micrometers per day
41
Dentinoenamel junction
DEJ is scalloped, providing more surface area for enamel and dentin adhesion Enamel tufts: hypocalcified enamel protein projecting a short distance into enamel Enamel lamellae: hypocalcified enamel defects that can extend all the way to enamel surface Enamel spindles: trapped odontoblastic processes in enamel
42
Effects of aging on enamel
Attrition: wear by masticatory forces Discoloration: darker as dentin becomes more visible Decreased permeability
43
Clinical implications regarding enamel
Since it is translucent, color depends on thickness Tetracycline antibiotics can be incorporated into mineralizing tissues resulting in brownish gray banding within enamel Drugs from this category should be avoided until age 8
44
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Autosomal dominant or recessive enamel defects Hypoplastic: abnormal enamel thickness but normal hardness (defect in matrix formation) Hypocalcified: normal thickness but soft and chalky (defect in mineralization) Hypo maturation: normal thickness but abnormal hardness with "snow capped" incisal edged or loss of translucency (defect in maturation)
45
Enamel hypoplasia
Hard enamel but deficient in amount caused by defective matrix formation Fluorosis: enamel mottling and brownish pigmentation Nutritional deficiency: vitamin A, C, and D and calcium can lead to enamel pitting Infections: febrile diseases at time of mealie edits can halt enamel formation leaving bands of malformed surface enamel
46
Congenital syphilis affect on enamel
Screwdriver incisors (Hutchinson incisors) Globular molars (mulberry molars) Hutchinson's triad: blindness, deafness, dental anomalies
47
Pulp
Soft connective tissue supporting dentin Communicated to periodontal tissues via apical foramen and accessory canals Originate from ectomesenchyme of dental papilla
48
Classifications of pulp
Coronal: found in pulp horns Radicular: found in pulp canals
49
Functions of pulp
Formative: mesenchymal cells form dentin Nutritive: nourished avascular dentin Sensory: free nerve endings Protective: reparative dentin as needed
50
Zones of pulp
Odontoblastic zone: single layer of odontoblasts lining pulp chamber Cell free zone: devoid of cells, contains Raschkows plexus of nerves and blood vessels Cell rich zone: fibroblasts and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells Pulp core: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, blood and lymph vessels, collagen I and iii and ground substance
51
Why is pulp capping more successful in younger teeth?
Large apical foramen Highly cellular and vascular No collateral circulation
52
Pulp calcifications
Denticles (pulp stones): concentric layers of mineralized tissue True: surround dentinal tubules False: surround dead cells or collagen Free: located unattached to pulp chamber Attached: attached to pulp chamber Interstitial: embedded in pulp chamber wall Dystrophic calcifications: calcifications of collagen bundles or collagen divers surrounding blood vessels and nerves
53
Affects of aging on pulp
Increase collagen fibers and calcification Decreased pulp chamber volume, apical foramen size, cellularity, vascularity, and sensitivity
54
Cementum
Avascular tissue about 10 micrometers thick covering Radicular dentin Composition most closely resembles bone Originated from ectomesenchyme cells of dental follicle
55
Functions of cementum
Support: provides attachment for teeth (Sharpey's fibers) Protection: prevents root resorption during tooth movement Formative: apical deposition accounts for continual tooth eruption and movement
56
Cementogenesis
Ectomesenchyme cells of dental follicle migrate through Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and orient along Radicular dentin to differentiate into cementoblasts Resting lines: layers formed by calcification of cementum matrix Cementoblasts become trapped in matrix and are called cementocytes in lacunae Receive nutrients via canaliculi connected to PDL Cementum is constantly produced at apical root Hypercementosis: deposition of excessive cementum
57
Classification of cementum by formation
Primary: first formed; covers coronal cementum, is acellular, and consists of extrinsic collagen fibers Secondary: overlies primary cementum to cover apical cementum, consists of mixed collagen fibers, can be cellular or acellular
58
Classification of cementum by cellularity
Cellular: contains cementocytes, cementoblasts, and cementoclasts; found in apical areas Acellular: no cells; found in coronal areas
59
Classification of cementum by collagen fibers
Intrinsic fibers: produced by cementoblasts arranged parallel to tooth surface Extrinsic fibers: produced by PDL arranged perpendicular to tooth surface Called Sharpey's fibers when trapped in cementum Mixed fibers: combination
60
CEJ
5-10% of people the cementum does not reach enamel 30% of people the cementum meets enamel 60-65% of people the cementum overlaps enamel
61
Effects of aging on cementum
Increased cementum deposition
62
Clinical implications of cementum
Cementum enables orthodontic tooth movement because it is more resistant to resorption than alveolar bone
63
Alveolar bone
General term to describe bone that houses teeth Interalveolar septum: bone separating 2 alveoli Interradicular: alveolar bone btweeb roots of multi rooted teeth Originated from ectomesenchyme cells of dental follicle
64
Function of alveolar bone
Support teeth
65
Components of alveolar bone
Alveolar bone proper: cortical bond immediately surrounding teeth into which Sharpey's fibers insert AKA bundle bone, lamina dura, cribriform plate Supporting alveolar bone: surrounds alveolar bone proper Cortical and cancellous bone
66
Clinical implications of alveolar bone
Radio graphic appearance of lamina dura is determined by integrity and angulation of X Ray beam Radiographic presence or absence of crested lamina has no correlation with periodontal attachment loss
67
What type of bone is deposited during orthodontic treatment?
Intramembranous
68
PDL
Soft connective tissue between tooth and alveolar bone 0.2mm wide usually but varies with tooth function and age Originated from ectomesenchyme cells of dental follicle
69
What are the components of periodontium?
Cementum Alveolar bone proper PDL And gingiva
70
Functions of PDL
Support: attachment of tooth to alveolar bone Formative: cells responsible for formation of periodontium Nutritive: contains vascular network for nutrients Sensory: contains afferent nerve fibers responsible for pain, pressure, and proprioception Remodeling: cells responsible for remodeling the periodontium
71
Cells of PDL
``` Fibroblasts: most common cell Cementoblasts and cementoclasts Osteoblasts and osteoclasts Macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils Mesenchymal cells ``` Ground substance Epithelial tests of malassez: remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath Cementicles: calcified masses
72
Fibers of PDL
Transseptal fibers: interproximally over alveolar crest between teeth (resist medial distal forces) Alveolar crest: from cementum to alveolar crest (resist vertical forces) Horizontal: cementum to alveolar bone (resist tipping and rotation) Oblique: cementum to alveolar bone obliquely - most abundant fiber type (resistant to masticatory forces) Apical: cementum to bone at root (resist extrusive forces) Interradicular: extend from radicular cementum to interrradicular alveolar bone in multirooted teeth (resist vertical and tipping forces) Oxytalan fibers: not principle fibers of collagen, but are elastic like and are associated with blood vessels
73
Vasculature of PDL
Arises from maxillary artery Periosteal vessels: branches from periosteum - primary source Apical vessels: branches of dental vessels Transalveolar vessels: branches of transseptal vessels perforating alveolar bone proper Anastomosing vessels of gingiva
74
Nerves of PDL
Arise from trigeminal nerve Free nerve endings: most abundant, transmit pain Ruffini corpuscles: mechanoreception Coiled endings Spindle endings
75
What are the fibers that insert into cementum or alveolar bone proper?
Sharpey's fibers Thicker on alveolar side
76
Lymphatics of PDL
Drain to submandibular lymph nodes Except mandibular incisors (drain to submental)
77
Effects of aging on PDL
Decreased PDL width Decreased cellularity and fiber content
78
Clinical implications of PDL
Teeth in hypofunction have decreased PDL width Teeth in hyperfunction have increased PDL width Orthodontic tooth movement is possible due to PDL actively responding to externally applied forces

National Boards (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions