Oral Quiz- Round 1 terminology

Question 1

clonus

Answer 1

-Involuntary, rhythmic reflexive contraction from a single muscle group
-Elicited by stretch, cutaneous stimulation, noxious stimulation, voluntary movement
-Lack of motor tract control

Question 2

abnormal synergy

Answer 2

Involuntary, patterns of muscle activation that occur when voluntary movement it attempted-often due to damage in the CNS, particularly after stroke or brain injury

Question 3

atrophy disuse

Answer 3

loss of muscle bulk resulted from lack of muscle use

Question 4

atrophy neurogenic

Answer 4

Loss of muscle bulk due to damage from the nervous system

Question 5

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 5

• Loss of motor speech/expressive speech
• Damage to left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 6

co-contraction

Answer 6

• Simultaneous contraction of antagonist muscles
• Allows for stability of a joint

Question 7

cramp

Answer 7

• Severe, painful muscle contractions lasting seconds to minutes. High-frequency discharges of MNs overstimulated by sensory and motor tract input cause cramps.
• Occurs when excitatory input overwhelms inhibitory input, leading to uncontrolled muscle spasm

Question 8

degrees of freedom

Answer 8

• varying outcomes that could occur within each system

Question 9

exteroceptive facilitation

Answer 9

• The use of external stimuli to enhance muscle function (stimuli outside the body)

Question 10

extrinsic feedback

Answer 10

• augmented (PT)
• concurrent (during)
• terminal (after)

Question 11

fasciculation

Answer 11

• Quick twitches of all muscle fivers in a single motor unit and are visible on the surface of the skin
• Caused by hyperexcitability of motor nerves, can be LMN sign

Question 12

feedback

Answer 12

• closed loop reflexive/behavioral; 2 types are intrinsic or extrinsic

Question 13

fibrillation

Answer 13

• Random spontaneous, brief contractions of single muscle fibers not visible on the surface of the skin and are always
• Caused by unstable muscle membrane hypersensitive to ACh

Question 14

fractionation

Answer 14

• Ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles. Essential for normal movement of the hands. Without it, the fingers and thumb would act as a single unit
• Rubrospinal and lateral corticospinal tract

Question 15

global aphasia

Answer 15

• Inability to use language in any form. Pt cannot produce speech, comprehend language, speak fluently, read, or write. Damage to much of the left cerebrum

Question 16

hemiplegia

Answer 16

Weakness affecting one side of the body

Question 17

hyper-reflexia

Answer 17

• Excessive reflex response to passive muscle stretch.
• Caused by reduced descending inhibition of MNs and subsequent development of MN excessive excitability

Question 18

hypertonia

Answer 18

• Excessive resistance to stretch of a muscle at rest
• Produced by neural input to muscles and/or by changes within the muscle

Question 19

hypotonia

Answer 19

Decreased muscle tone, LMN sign

Question 20

intrinsic feedback

Answer 20

• Inherent (pain)
• Feedback from self or visual feedback from mirror

Question 21

lower motor neuron lesion/syndrome

Answer 21

• Hyporeflexia, decrease or loss of reflexes, paresis or paralysis, atrophy, decrease or loss of muscle tone, fibrillations

Question 22

motor control

Answer 22

Process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement

Question 23

motor learning

Answer 23

• Study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement

Question 24

motor program

Answer 24

A structured set of neural commands that are organized and stored in the CNS, these programs enable the execution of coordinated movements without the need for conscious control of every individual muscle action

Question 25

muscle hyper-stiffness

Answer 25

Known as spasticity or hypertonia, is a condition characterized by increased muscle tone and resistance to passive movement. Can manifest as stiffness, rigidity, and involuntary muscle spasms

Question 26

Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)

Answer 26

Focuses on the assessment and treatment of individuals with movements disorders by promoting normal movement patters and inhibiting abnormal postural and movement reflexes

Question 27

paralysis

Answer 27

inability to move

Question 28

paresis

Answer 28

weakness

Question 29

paraplegia

Answer 29

affects the body below the arms

Question 30

proprioception (conscious)

Answer 30

Awareness of body position in space

Question 31

Proprioceptive facilitation

Answer 31

While PNF is a type of neuromuscular facilitation, this term can be used more broadly to describe any technique that uses sensory input, especially proprioceptive input, to influence muscle activity and movement

Question 32

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

Answer 32

Stretching technique that aims to improve flexibility and range of motion by stimulating the body’s proprioceptors

Question 33

reflex

Answer 33

Involuntary motor response to external stimulus; no brain input needed

Question 34

rigidity

Answer 34

Increased resistance to movement in both flexor and extensor muscles, direct facilitation of alpha motor neurons. Velocity independent

Question 35

spasm (neuro-muscular)

Answer 35

A neuromuscular spasm is an involuntary and often forceful contraction of a muscle or muscle group. These spasms can be caused by various factors, including electrolyte imbalances, neurological conditions, or even overexertion

Question 36

spasticity

Answer 36

- Velocity dependent hypertonia - Caused by absence of corticospinal activation of inhibitory interneurons and/or disinhibition of reticulospinal tract

Question 37

tetraplegia

Answer 37

affects all four limbs

Question 38

tone (muscle)

Answer 38

Resistance encountered when the joint of a relaxed pt is moving passively. A state of muscle tension or continuous activity, involuntary contraction state of a muscle

Question 39

upper motor neuron lesion/syndrome

Answer 39

Decreased inhibitory input from the upper motor neuron

Question 40

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 40

Language comprehension is impaired. Easily produce speech but the output is meaningless

Question 41

feed-forward

Answer 41

Consists of anticipatory motor impulses that prepare the body for movement