Organelles

Question 1

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Components

Answer 1

Porins

Question 2

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Components

Answer 2

• Electron transport chain
• Cytochrome C
• Mitochondrial ATP Synthase (F1 subunits, lollipops)

Question 3

Matrix Components

Answer 3

• Tricarboxylic Acids (Kreb’s) Cycle enzymes
• Mitochondrial (circular) DNA
• Mitochondrial Ribosomes
• Matrix Granules (Ca++)

Question 4

RER Function

Answer 4

Synthesis of Proteins destined for

• Secretion
• Isolation from cytosol
• Insertion into membranes

Core Glycosylation

Question 5

Cell types rich in ER

Answer 5

Protein Secreting Cells

• Plasma cells
• Hepatocytes
• Pancreatic Acinar Cells
• Fibroblasts
• Chrondroblasts
• Osteoblasts

Protein-Storing Cells

• Macrophages
• Osteoclasts

Question 6

SER Function

Answer 6

1. Synthesis of Steroids
2. Lipid Metabolism
3. Synthesis of Glycogen
4. Drug Detoxification
5. Ca++ Sequestration and Release

Question 7

Cell types rich in SER

Answer 7

1. Steroid Secreting Cells
   a. Adrenal Cortical Cells
   b. Leydigs Cells (Testis)
   c. Granulosa Cells (Ovary)
2. Active Metabolic Cells
   a. Hepatocytes
   b. Adipocytes
3. Muscle Cells
   a. Skeletal Muscle
   b. Cardiac Muscle

Question 8

Golgi function

Answer 8

Packaging
-of sequestered proteins and other secretory products

Glycosylation
-of proteins and other cell products

Sulfation
-of Proteins and other cell prodcuts

Vesicle formation
-for transport and secretion

Targeting
-of vesicles for intracellular transport

Question 9

Cell Types Rich in Golgi Complex

Answer 9

Protein Secreting Cells

• Plasma cells
• Hepatocytes
• Pancreatic Acinar Cells

Matrix-Secreting Cells

• Fibroblasts
• Chrondroblasts
• Osteoblasts

Protein-Storing Cells

• Macrophages
• Osteoclasts

Question 10

Lysosomal Enzyme

Answer 10

Acid phosphatases

Question 11

Cells Rich in Lysosomes

Answer 11

Phagocytic Cells

• Macrophages
• Neutrophils
• Osteoclasts
• Kupffer Cells

Active MetabolicCells
-Hepatocytes

Question 12

Peroxisomes are also known as:

Answer 12

mirobodies

Question 13

Function of Peroxisomes

Answer 13

• Lipid metabolism (Convert fats to carbohydrates)

- LH202 Metabolism (Detoxification of potentially harmful molecules which form in the cells)

Question 14

Peroxisomal enzymes

Answer 14

H2O2 Synthesis

• Urate oxidase
• Hydroxyacid oxidase
• D-Amino Acid oxidase

H202 Degredation
-Catalase

Question 15

Cell Types Rich in Peroxisomes

Answer 15

1. Steroid Secreting Cells
   a. Adrenal Cortical Cells
   b. Leydigs Cells (Testis)
   c. Granulosa Cells (Ovary)
2. Active Lipid Metabolic Cells
   a. Hepatocytes
   b. Adipocytes

Question 16

What is cholesterol used for?

Answer 16

Used to help move different cells closer or further from each other.

Question 17

Membrane lipids

Answer 17

Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol

Question 18

Carbohydrate on the cellular membrane

Answer 18

covalently linked to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) are also a part of cell membranes, and function as adhesion and address loci for cells.

Question 19

Nonpolar (Organic) molecules

Answer 19

Steroids
Glycerol
Small Alchohols
Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 20

Steps of Active Transport

Answer 20

A. Transported molecule binds to site on
     transporter (transmembrane integral 
     protein)
B.  Inorganic phosphate (Pi) generated 
     by ATPase binds to, and activates, 
     transporter protein
C. Conformational change of 
     transporter protein, releasing 
     transported molecule and Pi
C. Conformational change of 
     transporter protein, releasing 
     transported molecule and Pi

Question 21

Membrane trafficking: What does SNARE stand for? Do SNAREs use energy?

Answer 21

SNARE stands for Soluble NSF Attachment Protein REceptor

Uses GTP

Question 22

Smooth ER vs Rough ER

Answer 22

Rough ER

• Cell membranes
• Parallel cisternae
• Ribosomes

Smooth ER

• Cell membranes
• Tubulovesicular cisternae
• No ribosomes

Question 23

Lipid Droplet Function

Answer 23

Storage Depot

• Chemical energy
• raw materials for lipid synthesis
• Vitamins

Neutral Lipids

• Fatty Acids
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins (ADEK)

Question 24

Cells Rich in Lipid Droplets

Answer 24

1. Steroid-Secreting Cells
   a. Adrenal Cortical Cells
   b. Leydig Cells (Testis)
   c. Granulosa Cells (Ovary)
2. Active Lipid Metabolic Cells
   a. Hepatocytes (Liver)
   b. Mammary Secretory Cells
3. Lipid-Storing Cells
   a. Adipocytes
   b. Ito Cells (Liver)
   c. Sebaceous Gland Secretory Cells

Question 25

Glycogen Granule function

Answer 25

Storage Depot - chemical energy - raw materials for polysaccharide synthesis

Question 26

Cells rich in Glycogen granules

Answer 26

Hepatocytes Muscle Cells Neutrophils

Question 27

Melanin Pigment Function

Answer 27

``` Absorb UV light Absorb Free Radicals Protect DNA of Dividing Cells Absorb Excess Light -Reduce Visual Noise ```

Question 28

Cell Types Rich in Glycogen Granules

Answer 28

1. Melanocytes (Skin) 2. Pigment Epithelium (Retina) 3. Substantia Nigra Neurons (Brain)

Question 29

Microfilaments

Answer 29

essential for movement

Question 30

Intermediate filaments

Answer 30

enables cell to withstand mechanical stress; tensile strenght

Question 31

Microtubules

Answer 31

Creates tracks within the cell for movement of structures to the periphery; anchor organelles to one another; form permanent structure; move chromosomes

Question 32

Miicrofilament

Answer 32

-F-actin consists of double-helical, linear array of globular (G) actin monomers.

Question 33

Microfilaments-Profilin

Answer 33

turnover and restructuring of actin

Question 34

Microfilaments: Formins

Answer 34

Assist in concentration of g-actin in the polymerizatoin

Question 35

Microfilaments: Gelsolin

Answer 35

severing and/or capping of F-actin

Question 36

Microfilaments: Phalloidin

Answer 36

Prevents depolarization. Used to identify actin

Question 37

Microfilaments: Integrin

Answer 37

signaling and adhesive role

Question 38

Microvilli

Answer 38

Contains parallel microfilaments at their core Core microfilaments insert into terminal web microfilaments in the apical cytoplasm

Question 39

Spectrin

Answer 39

associated with red blood cells. It is also a protein that helps connect actin and myosin , Helps stabilize the red blood cell. Helps cause contractions to decrease the size of the cell. The myosin, along with the actin, will cause contraction to decrease the cell size. When it decreases with the size, the microvilli spreads out a little bit. Helps to increase and expose surface area.

Question 40

Microfilament Function

Answer 40

- Contraction - Cell Adhesion - Cell shape changes - Cell motility

Question 41

Cell Types Rich in Microfilaments

Answer 41

1. Muscles - Skeletal muscle (thin filaments) - Cardiac muscle (thin filaments) - Smooth Muscle (microfilaments) 2. Motile Cells - Macrophages (microfilaments) - Neutrophils (microfilaments) 3. Mitotic Cells - Cytotokinesis (cleavage furrow) - Housekeeping Proteins (actin- all cells)

Question 42

Function of intermediate filaments

Answer 42

-Structural scaffolding -Maintain cell shape -Resist cell deformation =Reinforce cell attachment

Question 43

Intermediate filaments: Types/Components

Answer 43

``` Cytokeratin/Epithelial cells Vimentin/Connective tissue cells Desmin/Muscle cells Neurofilament Protein/ Neurons Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)/ Glial Cells (Astrocytes) ```

Question 44

Colchine

Answer 44

Prevents microtubule assembly by binding tubulin heteroimer

Question 45

Kinesin

Answer 45

Walks towards cell surface (plus end)

Question 46

Vinblastine and Vincristing

Answer 46

Aggregate tubulin and prevent microtubule assembly

Question 47

Nocodazole

Answer 47

Causes depolymerrization of existing microtubules

Question 48

Taxol

Answer 48

Binds to microtubules and prevents depolymerization